Amnesia classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memory and retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia.
Classification
- Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups:
- Anterograde amnesia: The inability to form new memory. Past memory is intact.
- Retrograde amnesia: The loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia. Patient can form new memories.
- Following are types of amnesia, these can features of anterograde, retrograde or both:
- Post-traumatic Amnesia: Amnesia that follows head trauma could be temporary or permanent. The span of memory loss is uncertain it could present with retrograde, anterograde or combined. Extent of injury and duration of loss of consciousness are important prognostic factors in determining the severity of amnesia. [1]
- Infantile Amnesia: Also known as childhood amnesia. Early childhood memory is lost, usually up to the age of fours year. Influenced by cultural norms and sexual repression.[2]
- Drug-Induced Amnesia: Benzodiazepine are the most common group of drugs that can cause drug-induced amnesia, especially if used with alcohol. Memory loss could be long term or short term.[3] Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the drug.
- Neurological Amnesia:
Types of Amnesia | Main Features |
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Dissociative Amnesia | Temporary, episodic retrograde memory loss. Cause is psychological in origin. Dissociative Amnesia is also referred to as psychological amnesia. It has variable presentation:
|
Post-traumatic Amnesia | Amnesia that follows head trauma could be temporary or permanent. The span of memory loss is uncertain it could present with retrograde, anterograde or combined. Extent of injury and duration of loss of consciousness are important prognostic factors in determining the severity of amnesia. [1] |
Infantile Amnesia | Also known as childhood amnesia. Early childhood memory is lost, usually up to the age of fours year. Influenced by cultural norms and sexual repression.[2] |
Drug-Induced Amnesia | Benzodiazepine are the most common group of drugs that can cause drug-induced amnesia, especially if used with alcohol. Memory loss could be long term or short term.[7] Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. |
Neurological Amnesia | Alzheimer's Disease, Pick's Disease |
Amnesia in Korsakoff’s Syndrome | Amiodarone, bronchodilators, lithium, metoclopramide, neuroleptics, theophylline, valproate |
Selective Amnesia | Occurs in the legs on standing and is relieved by sitting down |
Epileptic Amnesia | Mostly due to vascular lesion in mesencephalic, thalamic or both regions. |
Lacunar amnesia |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM (2001). "Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes". Sports Med. 31 (8): 629–36. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007. PMID 11475324.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wang Q (2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis". Memory. 11 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/741938173. PMID 12653489.
- ↑ Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print
- ↑ Bourget D, Whitehurst L (2007). "Amnesia and crime". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 35 (4): 469–80. PMID 18086739.
- ↑ Khalili M, Wong RJ (2018). "Underserved Does Not Mean Undeserved: Unfurling the HCV Care in the Safety Net". Dig Dis Sci. 63 (12): 3250–3252. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5316-9. PMC 6436636. PMID 30311153.
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
- ↑ Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print