Dysfunctional uterine bleeding other diagnostic studies

	Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S, Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies helpful in detecting the underlying cause include dilatation and curettage to obtain a biopsy. Biopsies can further be studied for their underlying histological findings. hysteroscopy may also be of use in diagnosis.

Other Diagnostic Findings

Other diagnostic findings that may be useful in diagnosis include:

Diagnostic dilatation and curettage provides more information than biopsy, but is more invasive
Biopsy of endometrial and progesterone challenge test reveal estrogen excess
The uterine cavirty and endometrium may be evaluated by hysteroscopy.

Pathological Imaging
Underlying Cause	Histological/ Gross Pathology Images	Findings
Endometrial Polyps ^[1]	Case courtesy of Dr Mikkaela McCormack, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 44259 Case courtesy of Dr Mikkaela McCormack, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 44259	Dense fibrous or smooth muscle tissue Up to 5% may be premalignant or malignant Covered by epithelial tissue ^[2] Contain a largely vascular core; vessels with thick walls
Adenomyosis ^[3]	Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 10173 Case courtesy of Ed Uthman, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 10172	Ectopic endometrial tissue present within the myometrial smooth muscle ^[4]
Leiomyoma ^[5]	Case courtesy of Dr Hein Els, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 45202	Benign tumours made up of smooth muscle cells with fibrous connective tissue Composed of extracellular matrix ^[6] Encapsulated with a pseudocapsule
Malignancy ^[7]	PMID: 25969637^[8]	Type 1: arises due to unopposed hyperestrogenism; the most common histological subtype Type 2: arises due to endometrial atrophy; subtypes include papillary serous, clear cell, squamous and undifferentiated carcinoma