Radiation proctitis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Radiation colitis
Classification
a. Acute radiation proctitis
b. Chronic radiation proctitis
Pathophysiology
- Acute radiation proctitis is due to direct damage of the lining (epithelium) of the colon. [1]
- Chronic radiation proctitis occurs in part because of damage to the blood vessels which supply the colon. The colon is therefore deprived of oxygen and necessary nutrients.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Complications
Complications such as obstruction and fistulae may require surgery.
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Acute radiation proctitis
Symptoms occur in the first few weeks after therapy. These symptoms include diarrhea and the urgent need to defecate, often with inability to do so (tenesmus). Acute radiation proctitis usually resolves without treatment after several months, but symptoms may improve with butyrate enemas. This acute phase is due to direct damage of the lining (epithelium) of the colon. [2]
Chronic radiation proctitis
Symptoms may begin as early as several months after therapy but occasionally not until several years later. These symptoms include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, painful defecation, and intestinal blockage. Intestinal blockage is a result of narrowing of the rectum which blocks the flow of feces. Connections fistulae may also develop between the colon and other parts of the body such as the skin or urinary system.
Treatment
- Symptoms such as diarrhea and painful defectation may be treated with oral opioids and stool softeners, respectively.
- Several other methods are under development as of 2005 to lessen the effects of radiation proctitis. These include sucralfate, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, metronidazole, and argon plasma coagulation.