Gestational diabetes natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Complications

Poorly controlled gestational diabetes can lead to the growth of a macrosomic or large baby. This in turn increases the risk of instrumental deliveries (eg forceps, vacuum and caesarean section). Babies born to mothers with diabetes are also more likely to have hypoglycemia and other chemical imbalances which need to be monitored and possibly corrected after birth. These babies may need specialized care in the postpartum period. Additionally, poor control of diabetes can lead to a variety of birth defects involving the heart, kidneys, eyes, and central nervous system, as well as increased risk of miscarriage. However birth defects are more common in babies whose mother had diabetes in the first trimester, in which case the mother likely had undiagnosed Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, rather than gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes typically does not occur until after the period of organogenesis, thus birth defects are unlikely.

In the future the mother is at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.