Gestational diabetes natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Natural History and Prognosis
Complications
Poorly controlled gestational diabetes can lead to the growth of a macrosomic or large baby. This in turn increases the risk of instrumental deliveries (eg forceps, vacuum and caesarean section). Babies born to mothers with diabetes are also more likely to have hypoglycemia and other chemical imbalances which need to be monitored and possibly corrected after birth. These babies may need specialized care in the postpartum period. Additionally, poor control of diabetes can lead to a variety of birth defects involving the heart, kidneys, eyes, and central nervous system, as well as increased risk of miscarriage. However birth defects are more common in babies whose mother had diabetes in the first trimester, in which case the mother likely had undiagnosed Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, rather than gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes typically does not occur until after the period of organogenesis, thus birth defects are unlikely.
In the future the mother is at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Complications
Unlike pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes generally does not cause birth defects. Birth defects usually originate sometime during the first trimester (before the 13th week) of pregnancy.
Infants of mothers with gestational diabetes are vulnerable to several chemical imbalances, such as low serum calcium and low serum magnesium levels, but in general, there are two major problems of gestational diabetes: macrosomia and hypoglycemia.[1]
For Mother
- Hypertension
- Preeclampsia
- Increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
For Baby
- Macrosomia (macrosomia can also increase the likelihood of a caesarean-section delivery)
- Hypoglycemia
- Jaundice
- Low calcium and magnesium
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- Increased risk for childhood and adult obesity
- Increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in life
References
- ↑ "Gestational Diabetes". An overview of gestational diabetes, including risk factors and treatment. University of Maryland Medicine. 2003. Retrieved 2006-11-29. Unknown parameter
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