Gestational diabetes natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Complications

Unlike pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes generally does not cause birth defects. Birth defects usually originate sometime during the first trimester (before the 13th week) of pregnancy. Additionally, poor control of diabetes can lead to a variety of birth defects involving the heart, kidneys, eyes, and central nervous system, as well as increased risk of miscarriage.

Infants of mothers with gestational diabetes are vulnerable to several chemical imbalances, such as low serum calcium and low serum magnesium levels, but in general, there are two major problems of gestational diabetes: macrosomia and hypoglycemia.

For Mother

• Hypertension
• Preeclampsia
• Increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes

For Baby

• Macrosomia (macrosomia can also increase the likelihood of a caesarean-section delivery)
• Hypoglycemia
• Jaundice
• Low calcium and magnesium
• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
• Increased risk for childhood and adult obesity
• Increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in life