Pyelonephritis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[1]
- Mechanical: any structural abnormalities to the kidneys and the urinary tract, calculi (kidney stones), urinary tract catheterisation, urinary tract stents or drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy), pregnancy, neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis) and prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
- Constitutional: diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised states
- Behavioural: change in sexual partner within the last year, spermicide use
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urine
- Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[2]
References
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.