Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ventricular pacing
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D. [2]; Caitlin J. Harrigan [3]; Martin S. Maron, M.D.; Barry J. Maron, M.D.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [4]
Overview
The use of a pacemaker has been advocated in a subset of individuals, in order to cause asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle. Since the pacemaker activates the interventricular septum before the left ventricular free wall, the gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract may decrease. The AV interval must be shortened to do this, but not at the expense of diastolic filling. This form of treatment has been shown to provide less relief of symptoms and less of a reduction in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient when compared to surgical myectomy [1]. Dual chamber pacing does not decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death in these patients.
2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[2][3] and 2008 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities[4] (DO NOT EDIT)
Pacing[2][3][4]
| Class I |
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"1. Permanent pacing is indicated for SND or AV block in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as described in permanent pacing in sinus node dysfunction and acquired atrioventricular block in adults. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| Class III (No Benefit) |
| "1. Permanent pacemaker implantation for the purpose of reducing gradient should not be performed in patients with HCM who are asymptomatic or whose symptoms are medically controlled. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| "2. Permanent pacemaker implantation should not be performed as a first-line therapy to relieve symptoms in medically refractory symptomatic patients with HCM and LVOT obstruction who are candidates for septal reduction. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| "3. Permanent pacemaker implantation is not indicated for symptomatic patients without evidence of LV outflow tract obstruction. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| Class IIa |
| "1. In patients with HCM who have had a dual-chamber device implanted for non-HCM indications, it is reasonable to consider a trial of dual-chamber atrial-ventricular pacing (from the right ventricular apex) for the relief of symptoms attributable to LVOT obstruction. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| Class IIb |
| "1. Permanent pacing may be considered in medically refractory symptomatic patients with obstructive HCM who are suboptimal candidates for septal reduction therapy. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| "2. Permanent pacing may be considered in medically refractory symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and significant resting or provoked LV outflow tract obstruction. (Level of Evidence: A)" |
2007 ESC Guidelines for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)[5]
Cardiac Pacing in HCM[5]
| Class III |
| "1. Asymptomatic patients. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| " 2. Symptomatic patients who do not have LVOT obstruction. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| Class IIa |
| "1. Symptomatic bradycardia due to beta-blockade when alternative therapies are unacceptable. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| Class IIb |
| "1. Patients with drug refractory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant resting or provoked LVOT gradient [6][7][8] and contraindications for septal ablation or myectomy. (Level of Evidence: A)" |
Guideline Resources
- The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association [5]
References
- ↑ Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Squires RW, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Tajik AJ. Comparison of dual-chamber pacing versus septal myectomy for the treatment of patients with hypertropic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a comparison of objective hemodynamic and exercise end points. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jul; 34(1):191–6. (Medline abstract)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (25): 2703–38. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.825. PMID 22075468. Retrieved 2011-12-19. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (25): e212–60. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.011. PMID 22075469. Retrieved 2011-12-19. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS; et al. (2008). "ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: executive summary". Heart Rhythm. 5 (6): 934–55. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.04.015. PMID 18534377.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H; et al. (2007). "Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association". Europace. 9 (10): 959–98. doi:10.1093/europace/eum189. PMID 17726043.
- ↑ Fananapazir L, Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA (1992). "Impact of dual-chamber permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocker therapy". Circulation. 85 (6): 2149–61. PMID 1350522.
- ↑ Fananapazir L, Epstein ND, Curiel RV, Panza JA, Tripodi D, McAreavey D (1994). "Long-term results of dual-chamber (DDD) pacing in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evidence for progressive symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy". Circulation. 90 (6): 2731–42. PMID 7994815.
- ↑ Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, McKenna W, Meisel E, Sadoul N; et al. (1997). "Pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A randomized crossover study. PIC Study Group". Eur Heart J. 18 (8): 1249–56. PMID 9458416.