Orthopnea causes

	Orthopnea Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Othopnea is often observed among patients with left heart failure, the causes of which are included in the list below.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute cardiac allograft rejection, amyloid cardiomyopathy, aortic regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, arteriovenous fistula, cardiac aneurysm, cardiac sarcoidosis, cardiac tumors, cor pulmonale, diabetic heart disease, Eisenmenger syndrome, endomyocardial fibrosis, Fallot tetralogy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, left heart failure, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, multifocal atrial tachycardia, myocardial infarction, patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion, pericardiocentesis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, rupture of the papillary muscles, severe hypertension, ST Elevation myocardial infarction, stress cardiomyopathy, tuberculous pericarditis
Chemical/Poisoning	Beryllium, cadmium, carbon monoxide toxicity, coal worker pneumoconiosis, cobalt, fume inhalation, lead, mercury, nitrogen dioxide, organophosphates, selenium, silica, snake bite, sulfur dioxide
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamines, anthracyclines, bleomycin, calcium channel blockers, carmustine, carnitine, cetuximab, chloroquine, clozapine, cyanides, cyclophosphamide, dasatinib, didanosine, gemcitabine, gemeprost, glatiramer acetate, glutaraldehyde, mitomycin C, nifedipine, nitrofurantoin, NSAIDs, paricalcitol, pentostatin, phenothiazines, protamine sulfate, regadenoson, rifampicin, ticagrelor, trastuzumab, zalcitabine, zidovudine
Ear Nose Throat	Tracheolaryngobronchitis,
Endocrine	Cushing's disease, diabetes, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypothyroidism, liquorice, mineralocorticoids, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxic myopathy
Environmental	Beryllium, cadmium, carbon monoxide toxicity, coal worker pneumoconiosis, cobalt, fume inhalation, lead, liquorice, malnutrition, mercury, morbid obesity, organophosphates, silica, smoke inhalation, snake bite, sulfur dioxide
Gastroenterologic	Aspiration of stomach contents, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, portopulmonary hypertension
Genetic	Congenital impairment of lymphatic system, cystic fibrosis, Foster Kennedy syndrome (bulbospinal muscular atrophy), friedreich's ataxia, hereditary hemochromatosis, Hereditary spastic paraplegia, hereditary spinal muscular atrophy, inclusion body myositis, langerhans cell histiocytosis, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (GM2 gangliosidosis), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, lysosomal acid maltase deficiency, Pompe disease), myotonic dystrophy, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
Hematologic	Congenital impairment of lymphatic system, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hemorrhagic shock, hereditary hemochromatosis, langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangiomyomatosis, septic shock, Severe anaemia, transfusion reactions, Wegener granulomatosis
Iatrogenic	Acute cardiac allograft rejection, anaphylaxis and anapyhlactoid reactions, aspiration of stomach contents, insulin treatment, IV fluid overload, neck surgery, pericardiocentesis, pneumothorax, radiation brainstem injury/radiation myelopathy, transfusion reactions
Infectious Disease	Chagas disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes zoster, HIV, human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, lyme disease, pleural effusion, pneumocystis jiroveci, pneumonia, post-polio progressive muscular atrophy, post-viral neuropathy, septic shock, toxocariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, tuberculous pericarditis, viral cardiomyopathy, yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Cervical spondylosis with compressive radiculopathy and myelopathy, dermatomyositis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, inclusion body myositis, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, mixed connective tissue disease, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, polymyositis post-polio progressive muscular atrophy, progressive muscular atrophy, rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, central sleep apnea, cervical spondylosis with compressive radiculopathy and myelopathy, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome (bulbospinal muscular atrophy), Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia, hereditary spinal muscular atrophy, intraspinal tumors, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (GM2 gangliosidosis), monomelic (benign focal) amyotrophy, motor neuron syndromes in cancers, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, neurogenic pulmonary oedema, phrenic nerve injury due to stretching or cooling during cardiac surgery, Post-polio progressive muscular atrophy, post-viral neuropathy, preeclampsia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, progressive muscular atrophy, radiation brainstem injury/radiation myelopathy, stroke
Nutritional/Metabolic	Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypoproteinemia, lysosomal acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease II, Pompe disease), wet beri-beri,
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Eclampsia, peripartum cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia, pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome
Oncologic	Bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, intraspinal tumors, malignant pleural mesothelioma, motor neuron syndromes in cancers
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Bleomycin, cocaine, cyanides, mineralocorticoids, narcotic overdose
Psychiatric	Stress-induced cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary	Acute pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, altitude sickness, asthma, bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchogenic cyst, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchospasm, central sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cor pulmonale, CREST syndrome, cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, Eisenmenger syndrome, empyema, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, fibrosing alveolitis, cryptogenic, goodpasture syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, interstitial lung disease , malignant pleural mesothelioma, near-drowning, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pneumothorax, polyarteritis nodosa, portopulmonary hypertension, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonic stenosis, respiratory failure, sclerosing mediastinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus(shrinking lung syndrome), smoke inhalation, tracheolaryngobronchitis, transient tachypnea of the newborn, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Renal/Electrolyte	Nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, renal artery stenosis, renal failure, Uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute cardiac allograft rejection, anaphylaxis and anapyhlactoid reactions, asthma, cardiac sarcoidosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, CREST syndrome, cytokine release syndrome, dermatomyositis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, goodpasture syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, myasthenia gravis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerosing mediastinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus(shrinking lung syndrome), systemic sclerosis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Blunt neck trauma, head injury, hemorrhagic shock, neck surgery, rib fracture
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Altitude sickness, amyloid cardiomyopathy, heavy alcohol intake, malnutrition, morbid obesity, near-drowning