Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2]
Overview
Synonyms and keywords: NREM sleep arousal disorder
Differential Diagnosis
- Alcohol-induced blackouts
- Breathing-related sleep disorders
- Dissociative amnesia, with dissociative fugue
- Sleep-related seizures
- Malingering or other voluntary behavior occurring during wakefulness
- Medication-induced complex behaviors
- REM sleep behavior disorder
- Night eating syndrome
- Nightmare disorder
- Panic disorder
- Parasomnia overlap syndrome[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
The lifetime prevalence of non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders is 10,000 to 30,000 per 100,000 (10% to 30%) among children. The lifetime prevalence of NREM sleep arousal disorder is 29,200 (29.2%) among adults.[1]
Risk Factors
- Sedative use,
- Sleep deprivation,
- Sleep-wake schedule disruptions
- Fatigue, and physical or emotional stress[1]
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Prognosis
Poor prognostic factors include:
Diagnostic Criteria
DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder[1]
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- A. Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either one of the following:
- Sleepwalking: Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about. While sleepwalking, the individual has a blank, staring face; is relatively unresponsive to the efforts of others to communicate with him or her; and can be awakened only with great difficulty.
- Sleep terrors: Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually be ginning with a panicky scream. There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode. There is relative unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the individual during the episodes.
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- B. No or little (e.g., only a single visual scene) dream imagery is recalled.
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- C. Amnesia for the episodes is present.
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- D. The episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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- E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication).
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- F. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not explain the episodes of sleepwalking or sleep terrors.
Specify whether:
- Sleepwalking type
Specify if:
- With sleep-related eating
- With sleep-related sexual behavior (sexsomnia)
- Sleep terror type
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
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