Silicosis historical perspective
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Despite the fact that the term "silicosis" would not be widely used in the United States until after 1915, dust had been long recognized as a problem for hard-rock miners, cutters, potters, buffers, glass workers, sandblasters, and foundry workers [3]. Since antiquity, observers had recognized that workers developed serious breathing problems when they inhaled the dust of certain rocks and minerals. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, doctors and laymen alike had accepted dust as a source of phthisis or, more commonly, consumption, chronic lung conditions that affected broad cross-sections of western European and American society. For the previous two centuries, this condition was the single greatest cause of death in Europe and America. Despite the great attention to epidemics of smallpox, cholera, or typhoid, consumption was "the great white plague" that threatened "the very survival" of European and American society. The symptoms of wasting away, coughing, spitting, and weakening might appear in victims from various classes and social strata.==Overview== Shigella was first discovered by Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga following a bacillary dysentery outbreak in Japan in 1896. Since then, several outbreaks have occurred.
Shigellosis Historical Perspective
- Shigella was first discovered by Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga, a Japanese scientist, following a bacillary dysentery outbreak in Japan in 1896.
- Shigella was then adopted as a genus with 4 species in 1950s.
- In 2000, Shigella was found to be phylogenically closely related to E. coli. Both species are thought to be derived from similar ancestral virulence plasmids.
Shigella Outbreaks
Several Shigella outbreaks have been reported in USA in the past, including the following outbreaks:
- January, 2000: Senor Felix outbreak in Washington, California, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Alaska. A total of 122 cases were reported.
- October, 2000: Viva Mexico outbreak in California, USA. A total of 221 cases were reported.
- January, 2001: Royal Fork outbreak in Washington, USA. A total of 8 cases were reported.
- May, 2001: Tomato outbreak in New York. A total of 118 cases were reported.
- August, 2004: Gate Gourmet outbreak in Hawaii. A total of 22 cases were reported.
- August, 2006: Filiberto's outbreak in San Diego, USA. A total of 73 cases were reported.
- March, 2010: Subway Restaurant outbreak in Illinois, USA. A total of 328 cases were reported.
- March, 2015: Drug-resistant Shigella outbreak in Massachusetts, California, and Pennsylvania, USA.