Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
The prevalence of sleep apnea is rising in the general population. The prevalence is higher with individuals that are older than 60-65 years, males, and certain races such as African Americans. The prevalence in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia are similar which suggests that the disease is common in developed and developing countries.
Prevalence
- Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000[1]
- 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women in the general population[2]
- The prevalence is similar worldwide which suggests the disease is common in developed and developing countries[2]
Age
- The prevalence of sleep apnea is 2-3 greater in individuals older than 60-65 years[3]
Gender
- The male to female ratio is 2-3 to 1[4]
- This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which makes them more susceptible to sleep apnea
- Postmenopausal women have 2-3 times greater risk of moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women[5][6][7]
Race
- African-Americans have a 2-3 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians[8]
- Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
- Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather than obesity[9]
- Central sleep apnea is prevalent according to the underlying cause
- For example, it can occur in up to 24% of chronic opiate users[10]
References
- ↑ Punjabi NM (2008). "The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 136–43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Punjabi, N. M. (2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222.
- ↑ Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998). "Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (1): 144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079. PMID 9445292.
- ↑ Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V (1994). "Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149 (3 Pt 1): 722–6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642. PMID 8118642.
- ↑ Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J (1994). "Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study". Ann. Intern. Med. 120 (5): 382–8. PMID 8304655. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Shahar E, Redline S, Young T; et al. (2003). "Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1186–92. doi:10.1164/rccm.200210-1238OC. PMID 12531779. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A (2003). "Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1181–5. doi:10.1164/rccm.200209-1055OC. PMID 12615621. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S (2001). "The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (4): 947–50. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136. PMID 11282771.
- ↑ Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007). "Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis". Chest. 132 (1): 325–37. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0040. PMC 2813513. PMID 17625094.
- ↑ Wang D, Teichtahl H, Drummer O, Goodman C, Cherry G, Cunnington D; et al. (2005). "Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients". Chest. 128 (3): 1348–56. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1348. PMID 16162728.