Anal cancer staging
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Anal cancer Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Anal cancer staging On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Anal cancer staging |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [2]
Overview
According to the TNM staging system [1]. There are four stages of anal cancer based on the tumor size, regional lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. The stages of anal cancer are shown in the tables below:
Staging of anal cancer
Primary Tumor
Staging according to tumor size (T):
| TX | Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
| T0 | No evidence of primary tumor. |
| Tis | Carcinoma in situ (i.e., Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia II–III.) |
| T1 | Tumor ≤2 cm in greatest dimension. |
| T2 | Tumor >2 cm but ≤5 cm in greatest dimension. |
| T3 | Tumor >5 cm in greatest dimension. |
| T4 | Tumor of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g., vagina, urethra, and bladder. |
Staging according to regional lymph node (N):
| NX | Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
| N0 | No regional lymph node metastasis. |
| N1 | Metastases in perirectal lymph node(s). |
| N2 | Metastases in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s). |
| N3 | Metastases in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and/or bilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph nodes. |
Staging according to distant metastasis (M):
| M0 | No distant metastasis |
| M1 | Distant metastasis. |
Anatomic stage/prognostic group:
| 0 | Tis | N0 | M0 |
| I | T1 | N0 | M0 |
| II | T2 | N0 | M0 |
| T3 | N0 | M0 | |
| IIIA | T1 | N1 | M0 |
| T2 | N1 | M0 | |
| T3 | N1 | M0 | |
| T4 | N0 | M0 | |
| IIIB | T4 | N1 | M0 |
| Any T | N2 | M0 | |
| Any T | N3 | M0 | |
| IV | Any T | Any N | M1 |
References
- ↑ National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/hp/anal-treatment-pdq#cit/section_3.1