Subdural empyema causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common causes of subdural empyema include: anaerobes, aerobic streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other gram-negative bacilli [1]. In children, the majority of cases of subdural empyema occur due to meningitis while in adults the most common causes are sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, trauma or as a complication of neurological procedures.[1][2].
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Subdural empyema is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Adults
The most common cause of subdural empyema in adults is the complication of an infection of the air sinuses: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary. The causative organisms of the empyema will be similar to those causing the infection of the sinuses, as well as in other possible causes, such as epidural abscess and brain abscess. Generally multiple organisms are present in the empyema, where anaerobes are almost always an important agent. [3][4]
- Common causative agents:
- Anaerobes
- Aerobic Streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Other gram-negative bacilli
- Common causative agents from sinusitis:
- Anaerobes
- Streptococcus milleri
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Common causative agents:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococci
Children
The most common cause of subdural empyema in children is the complication of meningitis. The agents isolated from the pus, are usually similar to the ones causing the meningitis. [3][5]
- Common causative agents:
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Nontyphoidal Salmonella
Adults and Children
- Common causative agents in trauma:
- Coagulase negative strains of Staphylococcus
- Anaerobes
- Gram negative organisms (Campylobacter fetus)
- Common causative agents in neurosurgical procedures:
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Clostridium organisms
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical order
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Agrawal, Amit; Timothy, Jake; Pandit, Lekha; Shetty, Lathika; Shetty, J.P. (2007). "A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 15 (3): 149–153. doi:10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7. ISSN 1056-9103.
- ↑ Quraishi H, Zevallos JP (2006). "Subdural empyema as a complication of sinusitis in the pediatric population". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (9): 1581–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.04.007. PMID 16777239. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Greenlee JE (2003). "Subdural Empyema". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 5 (1): 13–22. PMID 12521560.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yoshikawa TT, Chow AW, Guze LB (1975). "Role of anaerobic bacteria in subdural empyema. Report of four cases and review of 327 cases from the English literature". Am J Med. 58 (1): 99–104. PMID 234678.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett, John E. (John Eugene); Dolin, Raphael. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-06839-9.