Oral cancer classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
Classification
| Stage | Explanation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ) | tissue. | ||||||
| Stage I | In stage I, cancer has formed and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. | ||||||
| Stage II | In stage II, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters, andcancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. | ||||||
| Stage III | In stage III, the tumor: | *may be any size and has spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or | *is larger than 4 centimeters | ||||
| Stage IV | Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. | ||||||
| Stage IV A | *In stage IVA, the tumor: | **has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin on the chin or | nose);cancer may have spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or | on the chin or nose), and cancer has spread: | ***to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or | ***to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or | ***to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. |
| Stage IVB | *In stage IVB, the tumor: | **may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters; or | more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck. | ||||
| Stage IVC | *In stage IVC, the tumor: | In stage IVC, the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs. The tumor may be any size and may have | spread to the lymph nodes. |
World Health Organization classification
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of acute myeloid leukemia attempts to be more clinically useful and to produce more meaningful prognostic information than the FAB criteria. Each of the WHO categories contains numerous descriptive sub-categories of interest to the hematopathologist and oncologist; however, most of the clinically significant information in the WHO schema is communicated via categorization into one of the five subtypes listed below.
The following stages are used for lip and oral cavity cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lip and oral cavity or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The results of the tests used to diagnose lip andoral cavity cancer are also used to stage the disease. (See the General Information section.)
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:
Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas. Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body. Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body.
The following stages are used for lip and oral cavity cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the lining of the lips and oral cavity. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also calledcarcinoma in situ.
Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage II
In stage II, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters, andcancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage III
In stage III, the tumor:
may be any size and has spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or is larger than 4 centimeters.
Stage IV
Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.
In stage IVA, the tumor:
has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin on the chin or nose);cancer may have spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or is any size or has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin on the chin or nose), and cancer has spread:
to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters.
In stage IVB, the tumor:
may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters; or has spread further into the muscles or bones in the oral cavity, or to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck.
In stage IVC, the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs. The tumor may be any size and may have spread to the lymph nodes.