Cholangiocarcinoma epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Epidemiology
- Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic tumor, with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) accounting for 10-20% of primary liver tumors.
- Although overall cholangiocarcinoma is rare, there are significant variations in incidence according to region, with much higher rates seen in southeast Asia.
- Incidence is usually in the elderly (7th decade).
- There may be a slight male predilection. [1]
Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of cancer; each year, approximately 2,000 to 3,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States, translating into an annual incidence of 1–2 cases per 100,000 people. Autopsy series have reported a prevalence of 0.01% to 0.46%.[2] There is a higher prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in Asia, which has been attributed to endemic chronic parasitic infestation. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma increases with age, and the disease is slightly more common in men than in women (possibly due to the higher rate of primary sclerosing cholangitis, a major risk factor, in men).[3] The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis may be as high as 30%, based on autopsy studies.[4] They affect both men and women. Most patients are older than 65.
Multiple studies have documented a steady increase in the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma over the past several decades; increases have been seen in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.[5] The reasons for the increasing occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma are unclear; improved diagnostic methods may be partially responsible, but the prevalence of potential risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, such as HIV infection, has also been increasing during this time frame.[6]
| Country | IC (men/women) | EC (men/women) |
|---|---|---|
| U.S.A. | 0.60 / 0.43 | 0.70 / 0.87 |
| Japan | 0.23 / 0.10 | 5.87 / 5.20 |
| Australia | 0.70 / 0.53 | 0.90 / 1.23 |
| England/Wales | 0.83 / 0.63 | 0.43 / 0.60 |
| Scotland | 1.17 / 1.00 | 0.60 / 0.73 |
| France | 0.27 / 0.20 | 1.20 / 1.37 |
| Italy | 0.13 / 0.13 | 2.10 / 2.60 |
References
- ↑ Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma
- ↑ Vauthey J, Blumgart L (1994). "Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas". Semin Liver Dis. 14 (2): 109–14. PMID 8047893.
- ↑ Henson D, Albores-Saavedra J, Corle D (1992). "Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates". Cancer. 70 (6): 1498–501. PMID 1516001.
- ↑ Rosen C, Nagorney D, Wiesner R, Coffey R, LaRusso N (1991). "Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis". Ann Surg. 213 (1): 21–5. PMID 1845927.
- ↑ Multiple independent studies have documented a steady increase in the worldwide incidence of cholangiocarcinoma. Some relevant journal articles include:
- Patel T. "Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies". BMC Cancer. 2: 10. PMID 11991810.
- Patel T (2001). "Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States". Hepatology. 33 (6): 1353–7. PMID 11391522.
- Shaib Y, Davila J, McGlynn K, El-Serag H (2004). "Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase?". J Hepatol. 40 (3): 472–7. PMID 15123362.
- West J, Wood H, Logan R, Quinn M, Aithal G (2006). "Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971–2001". Br J Cancer. 94 (11): 1751–8. PMID 16736026.
- Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H (2002). "Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours". J Hepatol. 37 (6): 806–13. PMID 12445422.
- Welzel T, McGlynn K, Hsing A, O'Brien T, Pfeiffer R (2006). "Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States". J Natl Cancer Inst. 98 (12): 873–5. PMID 16788161.
- ↑ Shaib Y, El-Serag H, Davila J, Morgan R, McGlynn K (2005). "Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study". Gastroenterology. 128 (3): 620–6. PMID 15765398.
- ↑ Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H (2002). "Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours". J Hepatol. 37 (6): 806–13. PMID 12445422.