Ascites causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [3]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

• Acute liver failure
• Hepatic failure
• Hepatorenal syndrome
• Liver fibrosis
• Liver cirrhosis

Common Causes

• Budd-Chiari syndrome
• Cancer
• Cirrhosis
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Heart failure
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Pancreatitis
• Serositis
• Tuberculosis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Arteriovenous fistula, Budd-Chiari syndrome, cardiac amyloidosis, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, cholesterol pericarditis, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, tuberculous pericarditis, chylous ascites, cor pulmonale, Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, heart failure, inferior vena cava web, lymphatic obstruction, lymphangioma, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, inferior vena cava syndrome, pericarditis, right heart failure, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid valve disease, veno-occlusive disease, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, Waldmann disease
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Acyclovir, mercaptopurine, pramipexole, thalidomide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism, thyroxine deficiency, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute liver failure, acute pancreatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, ascending cholangitis, biliary atresia, biliary fistula, Budd-Chiari syndrome, cholangiocarcinoma, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, chronic hepatitis,cirrhosis, colorectal cancer, congenital liver fibrosis, end stage liver failure, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, esophageal cancer, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, fulminant liver failure, granulomatous peritonitis, hemochromatosis, hepatic failure, hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency, hepatitis, hepato-biliary diseases, idiopathic liver cirrhosis, krukenberg tumor, liver cancer, liver damage, Ménétrier's disease, Mosse syndrome, neonatal hepatitis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, nutmeg liver, obliterative portal venopathy, obstructive jaundice, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic fistula, peritonitis, portal hypertension, portal vein occlusion, portal vein thrombosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, pseudomyxoma peritonei, secondary biliary cirrhosis, severe hepatitis, stomach cancer, tuberculous peritonitis, Waldmann disease, Whipple disease
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, Banti's Syndrome, Budd-chiari syndrome, diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, erythroblastosis fetalis , extramedullary haemopoiesis, hemolytic disease of the newborn, mastocytosis, Mosse syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, bilharzia, chronic hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, echinococcosis, Epstein Barr virus, filariasis, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, acute hepatitis A, acute hepatitis B, acute hepatitis C, acute Hepatitis D, acute hepatitis E, herpes simplex infection, hookworm disease, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, leptospirosis, malaria, portal hypertension in schistosomiasis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, Rubella virus infection, schistosomiasis, hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, sleeping sickness, strongyloidiasis, Stuartbras disease, liver disease in syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, tuberculous peritonitis, tularemia, Whipple disease, yellow fever virus infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, hemochromatosis, hypoalbuminemia, Kwashiorkor, Rotor's syndrome VLCAD deficiency, Wilson's Disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Meigs' syndrome, mirror syndrome
Oncologic	Anasarca , Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, angiosarcoma of the liver, bladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, cirrhosis of liver, colorectal cancer, desmoplastic small round cell tumor esophageal cancer, liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, lung cancer, Meig's syndrome, metastasis, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, pelvic region cancers, pseudomyxoma peritonei, stomach cancer, WAGR syndrome, Wilms tumor, yolk sac tumor
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Cor pulmonale, lung cancer, mesothelioma, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary hypertension
Renal / Electrolyte	Hepatorenal syndrome, nephrotic syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Chronic bacterial infection, erythroblastosis fetalis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, eosinophilic peritonitis, hemolytic disease of the newborn, hemolytic anemia, hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency, hepatoma, immunoproliferative diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Bladder rupture
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Hypervolemia, idiopathic, metastasis, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, POEMS syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Acute liver failure
• Acute pancreatitis
• Acyclovir
• Alcoholic hepatitis
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Alveolar hydatid disease
• Amebiasis
• Anasarca
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
• Angiosarcoma of the liver
• Arteriovenous fistula
• Ascending cholangitis
• Banti's Syndrome
• Bilharzia
• Biliary atresia
• Biliary fistula
• Bladder cancer
• Budd-Chiari syndrome
• Cardiac amyloidosis
• Cardiomegaly
• Cardiomyopathy
• Cholangiocarcinoma
• Cholecystitis
• Cholelithiasis
• Cholesterol pericarditis
• Chronic bacterial infection
• Chronic hepatitis
• Chronic viral hepatitis
• Chylous ascites
• Cirrhosis of liver
• Cirrhosis
• Colorectal cancer
• Congenital liver fibrosis
• Congestive heart failure
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Cor pulmonale
• Crigler-Najjar syndrome
• cytomegalovirus
• Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
• Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis
• Dubin-Johnson syndrome
• Echinococcosis
• End stage liver failure
• Endomyocardial fibrosis
• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
• Epstein Barr virus
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• Esophageal cancer
• Extramedullary haemopoiesis
• Filariasis
• Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
• Fulminant liver failure
• Gilbert's syndrome
• Granulomatous peritonitis
• Heart failure
• Hemochromatosis
• Hemolytic anemia
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
• Hepatic failure
• Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency
• acute hepatitis A
• acute hepatitis B
• acute hepatitis C
• acute Hepatitis D
• acute hepatitis E
• Hepatitis
• Hepato-biliary diseases
• Hepatoma
• Hepatorenal syndrome
• herpes simplex infection
• Hookworm disease
• Hypervolemia
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Idiopathic liver cirrhosis
• Immunoproliferative diseases
• Inferior vena cava syndrome
• Inferior vena cava web
• Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma
• Krukenberg tumor
• Kwashiorkor
• Leptospirosis
• Liver cancer
• Liver cirrhosis
• Liver damage
• Loeffler syndrome
• Lung cancer
• Lymphangioma
• Lymphatic obstruction
• Malaria
• Mastocytosis
• Meig's syndrome
• Ménétrier's disease
• Mercaptopurine
• Mesothelioma
• Metastasis
• Mirror syndrome
• Mosse syndrome
• Neonatal hepatitis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver
• Nutmeg liver
• Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
• Obliterative portal venopathy
• Obstructive jaundice
• Ovarian cancer
• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
• Pancreatic cancer
• Pancreatic fistula
• Pelvic region cancers
• Pericarditis
• Peritonitis
• POEMS syndrome
• Portal hypertension
• Portal hypertension in schistosomiasis
• Portal vein occlusion
• Portal vein thrombosis
• Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Pramipexole
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Pseudomyxoma peritonei
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Right heart failure
• Rotor's syndrome
• Rubella virus infection
• Schistosomiasis
• hepatosplenic schistosomiasis
• Secondary biliary cirrhosis
• Severe hepatitis
• Sleeping sickness
• Stomach cancer
• Strongyloidiasis
• Stuartbras disease
• liver disease in syphilis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
• Thalidomide
• Thyroxine deficiency
• Toxoplasmosis
• Tricuspid insufficiency
• Tricuspid regurgitation
• Tricuspid stenosis
• tricuspid valve disease
• Tuberculosis
• Tuberculous pericarditis
• Tuberculous peritonitis
• Tularemia
• Veno-occlusive disease
• Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
• VLCAD deficiency
• WAGR syndrome
• Waldmann disease
• Whipple disease
• Wilms tumor
• Wilson's Disease
• yellow fever virus infection
• Yolk sac tumor

Fetal Ascites

Causes of fetal ascites include:

• Urinary ascites
• Bowel rupture (i.e. meconium peritonitis)
• Ruptured ovarian cyst
• Hydrops
• Pseudoascites
• Infection