Zika virus infection natural history, complications, and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.; Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
Patients exposed to Zika virus will develop symptoms 3 and 12 days after contracting the disease. Symptoms will typically begin with a mild headache and fever, then progress to include a maculopapular rash spread across the body within 24 hours, followed by back pain and conjunctivitis. The symptoms typically last 4-7 days. The prognosis is usually excellent, with the majority of patients recovering fully. Complications include neurological and possibly congenital sequelae, particularly Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. The association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly is strongly suspected but has not yet been confirmed.
Natural History
- The symptoms of Zika virus infection usually develop between 3 and 12 days after an individual contracts the disease.[1]
- Zika virus infection symptoms will usually begin with a mild headache and fever. Within 24 hours, symptoms progress to include a maculopapular rash across the face, neck, trunk, upper arms, palms, and soles, malaise, and back pain follow shortly.[2]
- Zika virus infection is usually self-limited, and symptoms typically last 4-7 days.[1]
Complications
- Complications that may develop from Zika virus infection include neurological disease and possibly congenital malformation:[3]
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Brain lesions
- Brainstem dysfunction
- Possible teratogenic complications, namely microcephaly (the association between microcephaly and Zika virus is not yet confirmed)
Prognosis
- The prognosis for Zika virus infection is excellent, with the majority of patients experiencing full recovery within 4-7 days symptom manifestation.[1]
- Congenital or neurological sequelae are the main markers of poor prognosis.[3]
- Zika virus-related deaths are uncommon, but several deaths have been reported during outbreaks.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Zika Virus Infection Factsheet for Health Professionals". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. November 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hayes EB (2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1347–50. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Epidemiological Alert: Neurological Syndromes, Congenital Malformations, and Zika Virus Infection. Implications for Public Health in the Americas". Pan American Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.