Zika virus infection natural history, complications, and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.; Serge Korjian M.D.; Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Patients exposed to Zika virus will develop symptoms 3 and 12 days after contracting the disease. Symptoms will typically begin with a mild headache and fever, then progress to include a maculopapular rash spread across the body within 24 hours, followed by back pain and conjunctivitis. The symptoms typically last 4-7 days. The prognosis is usually excellent, with the majority of patients recovering fully. Complications include neurological and possibly congenital sequelae, particularly Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. The association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly is strongly suspected but has not yet been confirmed.
Natural History
- The symptoms of Zika virus infection usually develop between 3 and 12 days after an individual contracts the disease.[1]
- Zika virus infection symptoms will usually begin with a mild headache and fever. Within 24 hours, symptoms progress to include a maculopapular rash across the face, neck, trunk, upper arms, palms, and soles, malaise, and back pain follow shortly.[2]
- Zika virus infection is usually self-limited, and symptoms typically last 4-7 days.[1]
- Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.
Complications
Complications that may develop from Zika virus infection include neurological disease and possibly congenital malformation:[3]
Infected males and non-pregnant women
Pregnant Women
- Miscarriage
- Stillbirth
Neonate
- Eye disorders
- Brain lesions
- Brainstem dysfunction
- Congenital microcephaly
- Other neurologic disorders include:[4]
- Malformations of the head
- Involuntary movements
- Sizures
- Irritability
- Brainstem dysfunctions such as difficulty in swallowing
- Limb contractures
- Hearing and sight abnormalities
- Brain anomalies
Prognosis
- The prognosis for Zika virus infection is excellent, with the majority of patients experiencing full recovery within 4-7 days symptom manifestation.[1]
- Congenital or neurological sequelae are the main factors of poor prognosis.[3]
- Zika virus-related deaths are uncommon, but several deaths have been reported during outbreaks.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Zika Virus Infection Factsheet for Health Professionals". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. November 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hayes EB (2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1347–50. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Epidemiological Alert: Neurological Syndromes, Congenital Malformations, and Zika Virus Infection. Implications for Public Health in the Americas". Pan American Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
- ↑ Complications http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/ (September, 2016) Accessed on September 20, 2016