Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief:’’’ Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]Olufunmilola Olubukola M.D.[3]
Overview
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults.[1] Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a distinct finding and a descriptive report on the glomerular morphology seen in certain glomerular disease conditions. It is considered to be a glomerular podocytopathy [2]. Minimal change disease (MCD) is by far the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children: MCD and primary FSGS may have a similar cause.[1] Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is very similar in presentation to Minimal Change Kidney Disease (MCD), in-fact both are podocytopathies but they are histological different with varying disease signs and symptoms.
The individual components of the name refer to the appearance of the kidney tissue on biopsy: focal - only some of the glomeruli are involved (as opposed to diffuse), segmental - only part of an entire glomerulus is involved (as opposed to global), glomerulosclerosis - refers to scarring of the glomerulus (a part of the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney)).
FSGS is a progressive form of renal disease, it has become the most common cause of GN-related ESRD in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the United States. [3] It accounts for about 40% of adults and about 20% of pediatric cases of Nephrotic Syndrome in the United States. [3]
FSGS can be a primary or secondary cause of Nephrotic Syndrome. Primary FSGS can occur as an epithelial cell disorder characterized by podocytopathy of the glomeruli that may be related etiologically to minimal change disease. Secondary FSGS occurs due to previous glomerular injury or as a response to previous nephron loss from toxic effects of drugs, viral infections and chronic systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus, SLE and other renal affecting autoimmune diseases.
Definitive diagnosis of FSGS is by kidney biopsy. High clinical suspicion is also very important in the diagnosis and differentiation of FSGS from MCD. MCD often presents with features of Nephrotic Syndrome like proteinuria, edema and hyperlipidemia while FSGS may present with hematuria, hypertension and decreased renal function which are common presentations of nephritic syndrome.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas A (editors) (2003). Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. pp. pp. 982-3. ISBN 978-0-721-60187-8.
- ↑ Sethi S, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC (2015). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: towards a better understanding for the practicing nephrologist". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 30 (3): 375–84. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu035. PMID 24589721 PMID: 24589721 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kitiyakara C, Eggers P, Kopp JB (2004). "Twenty-one-year trend in ESRD due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the United States". Am J Kidney Dis. 44 (5): 815–25. PMID 15492947.