Hemorrhagic stroke epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10,000 to 15,000 cases per 100,000 individuals with all kind of strokes and has a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than cerebral infarction or subarachnoid hemorrhage
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- The overall incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ranges from 12 to 31 per 100,000 population.[1]
Age
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)usually occurs at a relatively young age
- Aneurysmal Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) commonly affects middle-aged people (between 40 and 60 years of age).[2]
- The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) increases with age, after age 35 every 10 years, the risk of having ICH is getting doubled.[3]
- Primary lobar hemorrhages, due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, are typically seen in elderly. Younger patients may also develop lobar hemorrhages, but in such cases they usually have an underlying lesion such as cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM).[4]
Gender
- Women are slightly more affected with aneurysmal Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) than men.[2]
Race
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage usually affects individuals of African Americans populations.[5]
- The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage is the highest in Asians, follow by blacks, and is the lowest in whites.
- In African Americans, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons.
- In whites, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons. [6]
- The incidence of f Intracerebral hemorrhage is higher in Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites.[7]
Geographic region
- In the United States, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 10 to 15 cases per 100,000 population.[8]
- In China, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 2 cases per 100,000 population.
- In South and Central America, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 4 cases per 100,000 population.[9]
- In Finland and Japan, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 19 to 23 cases per 100,000 population. [10]
Case fatality rate
- The 30-day case fatality rate of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ranges from 37,000 to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.[11][12]
- Death at 1 year for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) varies by location:[13]
- Deep ICH 50,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
- Lobar ICH 57,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
- Cerebellar ICH 42,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
- Brain steam 65,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
- The 30-day case fatality rate of Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is 32,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.[14]
References
- ↑ Gebel JM, Broderick JP (2000). "Intracerebral hemorrhage". Neurol Clin. 18 (2): 419–38. PMID 10757834.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J (1998). "Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review". Stroke. 29 (1): 251–6. PMID 9445359.
- ↑ Stein M, Misselwitz B, Hamann GF, Scharbrodt W, Schummer DI, Oertel MF (2012). "Intracerebral hemorrhage in the very old: future demographic trends of an aging population". Stroke. 43 (4): 1126–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.644716. PMID 22282880.
- ↑ Falcone GJ, Biffi A, Brouwers HB, Anderson CD, Battey TW, Ayres AM; et al. (2013). "Predictors of hematoma volume in deep and lobar supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage". JAMA Neurol. 70 (8): 988–94. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.98. PMC 3808840. PMID 23733000.
- ↑ Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R (1992). "The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites". N Engl J Med. 326 (11): 733–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199203123261103. PMID 1738378.
- ↑ Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L; et al. (2005). "Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage". Stroke. 36 (5): 934–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000160756.72109.95. PMID 15790947.
- ↑ Morgenstern LB, Smith MA, Lisabeth LD, Risser JM, Uchino K, Garcia N; et al. (2004). "Excess stroke in Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites: the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project". Am J Epidemiol. 160 (4): 376–83. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh225. PMC 1524675. PMID 15286023.
- ↑ Shea AM, Reed SD, Curtis LH, Alexander MJ, Villani JJ, Schulman KA (2007). "Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003". Neurosurgery. 61 (6): 1131–7, discussion 1137-8. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000306090.30517.ae. PMID 18162891.
- ↑ de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (12): 1365–72. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655. PMC 2095631. PMID 17470467.
- ↑ Ingall T, Asplund K, Mähönen M, Bonita R (2000). "A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study". Stroke. 31 (5): 1054–61. PMID 10797165.
- ↑ Dennis, Martin S., et al. "Long-term survival after first-ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project." Stroke 24.6 (1993): 796-800.
- ↑ Kleindorfer D., Broderick J., Khoury J., et al: The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study. Stroke 2006; 37: pp. 2473-2478
- ↑ Woo, Daniel, and Joseph P. Broderick. "Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology and clinical presentation." Neurosurgery clinics of North America 13.3 (2002): 265-279.
- ↑ Feigin, Valery L., et al. "Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century." The Lancet Neurology 2.1 (2003): 43-53.