Pyelonephritis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[1]
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[2][3][4][5]
Mechanical/Anatomical
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis.
- Kidney Stones calculi
- vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
- Posterior urethral valve
- pregnancy
- urinary tract catheterization or stents
- drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy), post surgical VUR
- prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
- Polycystic Kidney
- Bladder neck obstruction
- Horseshoe kidney
- Ureterocele
- neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)
Foreign Body
- Urinary catheters
- Calculus
Constitutional
- Diabetes mellitus
- Immunocompromised states
- Sickle cell disease
- Transplantation
- Pregnancy
- HIV Infection
- Chemotherapy
General/Behavioral
- change in sexual partner within the last year,
- spermicide use
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
- Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[6]
References
- ↑ Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, Winter C, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE; et al. (1996). "A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 335 (7): 468–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350703. PMID 8672152.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
- ↑ Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK (2016). "Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218541. PMID 27974344.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.