Differentiating systemic lupus erythematosus from other diseases
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause skin rash, arthritis, positive autoimmune serology, weight loss, fevers and chronic pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis(RA), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), systemic sclerosis (SSc), dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis(PM), and other autoimmune diseases.
Differentiating systemic lupus erythematosus from other diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause skin rash, arthritis, positive autoimmune serology, weight loss, fevers and chronic pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis(RA), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), systemic sclerosis (SSc), dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis(PM), and other autoimmune diseases.
Differetiating SLE from other diseases that cause arthritis and rash
| n | Arthritis | Auto-antibodies | Raynaud phenamon | Rash pattern | Distinguishing/specific features | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyarthritis | Tenderness | Edema | Deformity /Erosion | Pattern | ANA | RF | Anti-CCp | anti U1RNP | AntiSm | AntiRo | Anti-dsDNA | |||||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus[1] | + | + | + | - | Small joints | ↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | + | Malar rash and photosensitivity | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)[2] | + | + | + | + | Small and large joints | - | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | - | - | - | - | + | Subcutaneous nodules | Erosive arthropathy | |
| Rhupus | + | + | + | + | Small and large joints | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | - | ↑ | + | Malar rash and photosensitivity | Erosive arthropathy | |
| Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)[3] | - | - | - | + | Small and large joints | - | ↑↑ | ↑ | - | - | - | - | + | Cutaneous eruptions, gottron’s papules, photodistributed erythema, poikiloderma, and calcinosis cutis | Overlapping features of SLE, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and polymyositis (PM) that lead to more than one diagnosis | |
| Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) | + | - | - | - | Lower extremity | ↑ | ↑ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | + | Erythematous macules, patches, or papules with delicate scale | Multiple connective tissue diseases with no enough criteria for a single diagnosis | |
| Systemic sclerosis (SSc) | +/- | + | + | +/- | Lower extremity | ↑↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | - | ↑ | + | Hyperkeratosis, edema, and erythema | Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasias, Calcinosis, Malignant hypertension, acute renal failure | |
| Sjögren’s syndrome[4] | +/- | +/- | - | - | Lower extremity, axiallary creases | ↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | - | Xerosis, scaly skin, annular erythema | Keratoconjunctivitis sicca | |
| Vasculitis | Giant cell | - | + | + | - | Distal extremity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Rare | Involvement of cranial branches of arteries, visual loss |
| Takayasu | - | +/- | +/- | - | Transient extremity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum | Absent or weak peripheral pulse | ||
| Poly-arteritis nodosa | - | +/- | - | - | General and mild | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Tender erythematous nodules, purpura, livedo reticularis, bullous or vesicular eruption | Testicular pain or tenderness and neuropathies | ||
| Behçet’s syndrome | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | medium and large joints | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Recurrent and usually painful mucocutaneous ulcers, acneiform lesions, papulo-vesiculo-pustular eruptions, superficial thrombophlebitis | Male dominancy | |
| Kikuchi’s disease[5] | - | +/- | - | - | medium and large joints | ↑/↓ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Transient skin rashes, malar rash, erythematous macules, patches, papules, or plaques | May be associated with SLE | |
| Serum sickness | + | + | +/- | - | General | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Pruritic rash, urticaria and/or serpiginous macular rash | Self-limited | |
| Psoriatic arthritis | - | - | - | - | Small and large joints | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Psoriasis and onychodystrophy | Dactylitis (“sausage digits”) | |
| Human parvovirus B19 infection[6] | + | + | - | - | Small joints | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Erythematous rashes | Rare in adults, fifth's disease in children | |
References
- ↑ Ehmke TA, Cherian JJ, Wu ES, Jauregui JJ, Banerjee S, Mont MA (2014). "Treatment of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 16 (9): 441. doi:10.1007/s11926-014-0441-8. PMID 25074031.
- ↑ Lee DM, Weinblatt ME (2001). "Rheumatoid arthritis". Lancet. 358 (9285): 903–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06075-5. PMID 11567728.
- ↑ Cappelli S, Bellando Randone S, Martinović D, Tamas MM, Pasalić K, Allanore Y, Mosca M, Talarico R, Opris D, Kiss CG, Tausche AK, Cardarelli S, Riccieri V, Koneva O, Cuomo G, Becker MO, Sulli A, Guiducci S, Radić M, Bombardieri S, Aringer M, Cozzi F, Valesini G, Ananyeva L, Valentini G, Riemekasten G, Cutolo M, Ionescu R, Czirják L, Damjanov N, Rednic S, Matucci Cerinic M (2012). ""To be or not to be," ten years after: evidence for mixed connective tissue disease as a distinct entity". Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 41 (4): 589–98. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.010. PMID 21959290.
- ↑ Roguedas AM, Misery L, Sassolas B, Le Masson G, Pennec YL, Youinou P (2004). "Cutaneous manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome are underestimated". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 22 (5): 632–6. PMID 15485020.
- ↑ Kucukardali Y, Solmazgul E, Kunter E, Oncul O, Yildirim S, Kaplan M (2007). "Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: analysis of 244 cases". Clin. Rheumatol. 26 (1): 50–4. doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0230-5. PMID 16538388.
- ↑ Kaufmann J, Buccola JM, Stead W, Rowley C, Wong M, Bates CK (2007). "Secondary symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection in a healthy adult". J Gen Intern Med. 22 (6): 877–8. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0173-9. PMC 2219874. PMID 17384979.