Sandbox:Vindhya

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Differential diagnosis

• Signs and symptoms:

In patients with SIADH there is too much water in the blood,this leads to low sodium in the body.

Hyponatremia is the most common manifestation. The symptoms are based on level of sodium.(hyponatremia: sodium level below 135meq/l)

When symptoms do occur, they may include any of the following:

• headache

• altered mental status

• frequent falls

• neurological manifestations such as lethargy, confusion...

in severe cases,seizures and coma may result.

Diagnostic criteria of SIADH:

• Na<135mmol/litre
• decreased effective serum osmolality<275mosm/kg
• urine osmolality>100mosm/kg
• presence of underlying disorders;CNS,pulmonary,malignancies,medications
• normal adrenal and thyroid function
• urine Na concentration>40mmol/l,unless taking diuretics,(or) on a severe salt restriction.
• absence of edematous diseases(such as heart failure,nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis)

Agents and means used in the treatment of SIADH.

Indirect modalities:

• treatment of underlying pathology
• salt restriction
• Hyper-tonic saline
• Loop diuretics
• Urea
• Demecloclycline, lithium
• Hemodialysis, CVVH(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration), SLED(slow, low-efficiency daily dialysis).

Direct modalities:

"Vaptan drugs": block action of vasopressin at it's receptors,(V1A,V1B,V2)

Prognosis:Patients with SIADH have different characteristics and a different prognosis according to SIADH etiology. Serum sodium concentration at short-term follow-up is predictive of long-term survival. These findings might have diagnostic and treatment-related implications.