Goiter classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumours which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies. Goiter may also be classified according to various classification methods based on etiological, epidemiological, anatomical, pathological, functional and morphological factors.
Classification
- In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumours which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies. [1]
- WHO Histological Classification of Thyroid Tumors, Second edition (1988) [1] [2]
- Epithelial tumors
- Benign
- Follicular adenoma
- Others
- Malignant
- Follicular carcinoma
- Papillary carcinoma
- Medullary carcinoma
- Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma
- Others
- Benign
- Nonepithelial tumors
- Benign
- Malignant
- Malignant lymphomas
- Miscellaneous tumors
- Secondary tumors
- Unclassified tumors
- Tumor-like lesions
- Epithelial tumors
- Goiter may be also be classified according to various classification methods based on the following criteria: [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
- Etiological classification
- Epidemiological classification
- Anatomical classification
- Pathological classification
- Functional classification
- Morphological classification
- Etiological classification:
- Physiological goiter: Goiters as a result of increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones (during pregnancy or puberty)
- Pathological goiter: Goiters as a result of diseases affecting the thyroid gland e.g. Neoplastic or inflammatory conditions
- Epidemiological classification:
- Familial goiters: Goiters that occur in families as a result of Inherited defect of thyroid hormone synthesis
- Endemic goiters: Thyroid enlargement affecting a significant number of population in a particular locality
- Sporadic goiters: Goiters that run sporadically
- Anatomical classification:
- Cervical goiter: Goiter situated on the anterior aspect of the neck
- Retrosternal goiter: Goiter extends downward and gets situated behind the sternum
- Intrathoracic goiter: Goiter which extends into thoracic cavity
- Pathological classification:
- Simple goiter
- Toxic goiter
- Neoplastic goiter
- Inflammatory goiter
- Miscellaneous (Other rare types)
- Functional classification:
- Toxic goiter: Type of goiter associated with thyroid hyperfunction (hyperthyroidism)
- Non-toxic goiter: Type of goiter associated with thyroid hypofunction (hypothyroidism) or normal thyroid function (Euthyroid)
- Morphological classification: According to the texture of the gland
- Diffuse goiter
- Nodular goiter
- Solitary nodular goiter
- Multinodular goiter
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH (1989). "The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition". Cancer. 63 (5): 908–11. PMID 2914297.
- ↑ Else, J. Earl (1926). "A SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION OF GOITER". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 87 (18): 1465. doi:10.1001/jama.1926.02680180037009. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Werner, Sidney C. (1969). "Classification of Thyroid Disease". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (6): 860–862. doi:10.1210/jcem-29-6-860. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Mercante, Giuseppe; Gabrielli, Enrico; Pedroni, Corrado; Formisano, Debora; Bertolini, Laura; Nicoli, Franco; Valcavi, Roberto; Barbieri, Verter (2011). "CT cross-sectional imaging classification system for substernal goiter based on risk factors for an extracervical surgical approach". Head & Neck. 33 (6): 792–799. doi:10.1002/hed.21539. ISSN 1043-3074.
- ↑ Crile, George; Hazard, John B. (1951). "CLASSIFICATION OF THYROIDITIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF NEEDLE BIOPSY*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 11 (10): 1123–1127. doi:10.1210/jcem-11-10-1123. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ deSouza FM, Smith PE (1983). "Retrosternal goiter". J Otolaryngol. 12 (6): 393–6. PMID 6663666.
- ↑ Castaneda, Rutila; Lechuga, Diana; Ramos, Rosa Isela; Magos, Clementina; Orozco, Maribel; Martiacute;nez, Homero (2002). "Endemic goiter in pregnant women: utility of the simplified classification of thyroid size by palpation and urinary iodine as screening tests". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 109 (12): 1366–1372. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.00306.x. ISSN 1470-0328.
- ↑ Carnell, N. Eric; Valente, William A. (1998). "Thyroid Nodules in Graves' Disease: Classification, Characterization, and Response to Treatment". Thyroid. 8 (7): 571–576. doi:10.1089/thy.1998.8.571. ISSN 1050-7256.
- ↑ Monaco, Fabrizio (2003). "Classification of Thyroid Diseases: Suggestions for a Revision". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (4): 1428–1432. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021260. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Huins, Charles T.; Georgalas, Christos; Mehrzad, Homoyoon; Tolley, Neil S. (2008). "A new classification system for retrosternal goitre based on a systematic review of its complications and management". International Journal of Surgery. 6 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2007.02.003. ISSN 1743-9191.
- ↑ Crile, George; Hazard, John B.; Dinsmore, Robert S. (1948). "CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 8 (9): 762–765. doi:10.1210/jcem-8-9-762. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Passler, Christian; Prager, Gerhard; Scheuba, Christian; Kaserer, Klaus; Zettinig, Georg; Niederle, Bruno (2003). "Application of Staging Systems for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in an Endemic Goiter Region With Iodine Substitution". Annals of Surgery. 237 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1097/01.SLA.0000048449.69472.81. ISSN 0003-4932.
- ↑ Woolner, Lewis B.; Beahrs, Oliver H.; Black, B.Marden; McConahey, William M.; Keating, F.Raymond (1961). "Classification and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgery. 102 (3): 354–387. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(61)90527-X. ISSN 0002-9610.
- ↑ Passler, C (2004). "Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region". Endocrine Related Cancer. 11 (1): 131–139. doi:10.1677/erc.0.0110131. ISSN 1351-0088.