Goiter natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Slow growth of the nodules is observed in benign goiter. Quick growth and large size of goiter causing compressive symptoms may be suggestive of thyroid cancer. Common complications of Goiter include those related to the enlarged gland and those related to thyroidectomy. Prognosis is generally good for benign goiters. Although the prognosis is good and the risk is low, caution is advised for the possible development of malignancy. Careful monitoring of size, shape and consistency associated with pain is advised. Radiation exposure has been attributed to the possible development of malignancy.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

• Slow growth of the nodules is observed in benign goiter.
• Quick growth and large size of goiter causing compressive symptoms(dysphagia, hoarseness and dyspnoea) may be suggestive of thyroid cancer.

Complications

• Common complications of Goiter include:
  • Complications related to the enlarged gland
  • Complications related to thyroidectomy

• Complications related to the enlarged gland:
  • Tracheal obstruction → airway obstruction
  • Secondary thyrotoxicosis
  • Malignant transformation

• Complications related to thyroidectomy:
  • Haemorrhage
  • Respiratory obstruction
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
  • Thyroid storm
  • Thyroid insufficiency
  • Parathyroid insufficiency
  • Wound infection
  • Hypertrophic scar
  • Keloids

Prognosis

• Prognosis is generally good for benign goiters.
• Although the prognosis is good and the risk is low, caution is advised for the possible development of malignancy.
• Careful monitoring of size, shape and consistency associated with pain is advised.
• Radiation exposure has been attributed to the possible development of malignancy.