Upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arzu Kalayci, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding include:
- Advancing age[1][2][3][4]
- Previous history of gastrointestinal bleed
- Chronic kidney disease
- Underlying cardiovascular disease
- Cirrhosis and portal hypertension
- Presence of H.pylori infection
- NSAID's or aspirin use in patients with a history of ulcer disease
- Patients on dual antiplatelet therapy
- Age 60 years or older
- Patients taking glucocorticoids
- Dyspepsia
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Nosocomial stress ulcers due the to the use of mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, and coagulopathy.
- Rare conditions associated with gastric acid hypersecretion, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, mastocytosis, or a retained antrum following partial gastrectomy.
References
- ↑ Morales Uribe CH, Sierra Sierra S, Hernández Hernández AM, Arango Durango AF, López GA (2011). "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: risk factors for mortality in two urban centres in Latin America". Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 103 (1): 20–4. PMID 21341933.
- ↑ Rodríguez-Hernández H, Rodríguez-Morán M, González JL, Jáquez-Quintana JO, Rodríguez-Acosta ED, Sosa-Tinoco E, Guerrero-Romero F (2009). "[Risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and with mortality]". Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc (in Spanish; Castilian). 47 (2): 179–84. PMID 19744387.
- ↑ Corzo Maldonado MA, Guzmán Rojas P, Bravo Paredes EA, Gallegos López RC, Huerta Mercado-Tenorio J, Surco Ochoa Y, Prochazka Zárate R, Piscoya Rivera A, Pinto Valdivia J, De los Ríos Senmache R (2013). "[Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital. A case control study]". Rev Gastroenterol Peru (in Spanish; Castilian). 33 (3): 223–9. PMID 24108375.
- ↑ Soldatov IB, Tokman AS, Esipovich I (1967). "[On the forms of dissemination of advanced experience of otorhinolaryngologists in dispensary work]". Zdravookhr Ross Fed (in Russian). 11 (4): 19–21. PMID 5192276. Vancouver style error: initials (help)