Cholangiocarcinoma pathophysiology

Cholangiocarcinoma Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

• The epithelial cell lining the bile ducts are called cholangiocytes. The malignant transformsation of cholangiocytes leads to cholangiocarcinoma.
• Malignant transformation of cholangiocytes into cholangiocarcinoma include following stages:
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Metaplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. Frank carcinoma
• Progression of malignancy is believed to be due to:
  • Inflammation
  • Obstruction of bile ducts
  • Biliary intraepithelia neoplasia
• Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia is believed to be the initial lesion of cholangiocarcinoma, particularly in patients with hepatolithiasis in bile ducts.

Genetics

• [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
• Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
• The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Gross Pathology

• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].