Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Common risk factors
- Common risk factors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include the following:
- Cigarette smoking:[1]
- Is the most important risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis even years after cessation
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
- GERD
- Gene mutations:
- Cigarette smoking:[1]
References
- ↑ Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA, Colby TV, Waldron JA (1997). "Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155 (1): 242–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001319. PMID 9001319.
- ↑ Wolters PJ, Blackwell TS, Eickelberg O, Loyd JE, Kaminski N, Jenkins G; et al. (2018). "Time for a change: is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis still idiopathic and only fibrotic?". Lancet Respir Med. 6 (2): 154–160. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30007-9. PMID 29413083.
- ↑ Armanios, Mary Y.; Chen, Julian J.-L.; Cogan, Joy D.; Alder, Jonathan K.; Ingersoll, Roxann G.; Markin, Cheryl; Lawson, William E.; Xie, Mingyi; Vulto, Irma; Phillips, John A.; Lansdorp, Peter M.; Greider, Carol W.; Loyd, James E. (2007). "Telomerase Mutations in Families with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (13): 1317–1326. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066157. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Noth, Imre; Zhang, Yingze; Ma, Shwu-Fan; Flores, Carlos; Barber, Mathew; Huang, Yong; Broderick, Steven M; Wade, Michael S; Hysi, Pirro; Scuirba, Joseph; Richards, Thomas J; Juan-Guardela, Brenda M; Vij, Rekha; Han, MeiLan K; Martinez, Fernando J; Kossen, Karl; Seiwert, Scott D; Christie, Jason D; Nicolae, Dan; Kaminski, Naftali; Garcia, Joe GN (2013). "Genetic variants associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility and mortality: a genome-wide association study". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 1 (4): 309–317. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70045-6. ISSN 2213-2600.
- ↑ Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE, Brown KK, Herron A, Slifer SH; et al. (2005). "Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 172 (9): 1146–52. doi:10.1164/rccm.200408-1104OC. PMC 2718398. PMID 16109978.