Multiple sclerosis risk factors
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Overview
Common environmental risk factors in the development of multiple sclerosis are smoking[1], genetic[2], ethnic[3], infection[4], low vitamine D[5] and stress.[6]
Risk Factors
Common environmental risk factors in the development of multiple sclerosis are smoking[1], genetic[2], ethnic[3], infection[4], low vitamine D[5] and stress.[6]
smoking
various studies showed that smoking, beside cardiovascular diseases and cancer, can be a risk factor of multiple sclerosis.[1][7]
Genetic
Some studies demonstrate that MS has a strong genetic base. The first degree family of a MS patient is at 10-25 times greater risk than normal population, so genetically susceptible people are more likely to developed MS disease.[8][2]
ethnic
MS prevalence is lower in African Americans, Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos people rather than white men.[3]
sex
Prevalence of MS disease is higher in female. This can be hormone related or more susceptibility to environmental risk factors.[9][10]
Epstein-Barr virus
Patients affected with Epstein-Barr virus seems to be more susceptible to developing MS. Studies shows that high titer of EBV antibodies is a risk factor for MS disease.[4][11]
Vitamin D
Low vitamin D level seems to be a risk factor for developing MS since the prevalence of MS is lower in regions where people take vitamin D supplement or have higher sunlight exposure.[5][12]
stress
Stressful life events can be a risk factor for MS disease. In patients who already have MS, stress and anxiety can lead to exacerbation of their disease.[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Riise T, Nortvedt MW, Ascherio A (October 2003). "Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 61 (8): 1122–4. PMID 14581676.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sadovnick AD, Baird PA, Ward RH (March 1988). "Multiple sclerosis: updated risks for relatives". Am. J. Med. Genet. 29 (3): 533–41. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320290310. PMID 3376997.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, Norman JE (September 1979). "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution". Neurology. 29 (9 Pt 1): 1228–35. PMID 573402.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sundström P, Juto P, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Svenningsson A, Nyström L, Dillner J, Forsgren L (June 2004). "An altered immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study". Neurology. 62 (12): 2277–82. PMID 15210894.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Simmons R, Taylor BV, Butzkueven H, Kilpatrick T (August 2003). "Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study". BMJ. 327 (7410): 316. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.316. PMC 169645. PMID 12907484.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Coo H, Aronson KJ (2004). "A systematic review of several potential non-genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis". Neuroepidemiology. 23 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1159/000073969. PMID 14739563.
- ↑ Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A (July 2001). "Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis". Am. J. Epidemiol. 154 (1): 69–74. PMID 11427406.
- ↑ Robertson NP, Fraser M, Deans J, Clayton D, Walker N, Compston DA (April 1996). "Age-adjusted recurrence risks for relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis". Brain. 119 ( Pt 2): 449–55. PMID 8800940.
- ↑ Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, Valdar W, Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC (November 2006). "Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study". Lancet Neurol. 5 (11): 932–6. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70581-6. PMID 17052660.
- ↑ Whitacre CC (September 2001). "Sex differences in autoimmune disease". Nat. Immunol. 2 (9): 777–80. doi:10.1038/ni0901-777. PMID 11526384.
- ↑ Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A (May 2005). "Temporal relationship between elevation of epstein-barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis". JAMA. 293 (20): 2496–500. doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2496. PMID 15914750.
- ↑ Munger KL, Zhang SM, O'Reilly E, Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A (January 2004). "Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 62 (1): 60–5. PMID 14718698.
- ↑ Goodin DS, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Rodriguez M, Sibley WA, Wolinsky JS (June 1999). "The relationship of MS to physical trauma and psychological stress: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 52 (9): 1737–45. PMID 10371517.