Odynophagia pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sunny Kumar MD [2]
Odynophagia pathophysiology is related to causes.Following are common mechanisms involved in inducing pain in esophagus and pharynx
Anatomic facts of pharynx and esophagus:
- Pharynx is partitioned as the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Odynophagia is outcome of pain sensed in orophyranx and laryngopharynx.[1]
- The oropharynx starts from the uvula ends at hyoid bone. Anteriorly, through isthmus faucium,opens into the mouth, latterly it has the palatine tonsil.
- It is lined with non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.[2]
- The laryngopharynx aka hypopharynx, is on rare end.
- Internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, innervate larynx up to vocal folds. The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate larynx inferoirly..[3]
- Vagus nerve supply all the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate except the two muscles.
- Stylopharyngeus receives innervation from cranial nerve IX
- Tensor veli palatini receives innervation from` cranial nerve V.
- The glossopharyngeal nerve receive sensory input from greater portion of all three parts of the pharynx. [4]
- The Pharyngeal plexus is motor and sensory center of larynx.
- Pharyngeal plexus consist of nerves from vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and also by sympathetic nerve fibers.
- The esophagus has dual sensory innervation, from parasympathetic and sympathetic, which depends on location of level independently .[5]
Pathological conditions causing pain in swallowing:
Infections:
Infection of esophagus or pharynx causes fluid leaking in interstitial media of mucous epithelium and it produce pressure on sensory nerve terminals situated in mucousa.[6]
Tumors:
It produce pain due to compression effect of mass on sensory nerve terminals situated in mucousa.[7]
Foreign body:
It produce pain due to compression effect of foreign body on sensory nerve terminals situated in mucousa.[8]
References
- ↑ Isono S, Remmers JE, Tanaka A, Sho Y, Sato J, Nishino T (1997). "Anatomy of pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in normal subjects". J Appl Physiol (1985). 82 (4): 1319–26. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1319. PMID 9104871.
- ↑ Schubert FR, Singh AJ, Afoyalan O, Kioussi C, Dietrich S (2018). "To roll the eyes and snap a bite - function, development and evolution of craniofacial muscles". Semin Cell Dev Biol. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.013. PMID 29331210.
- ↑ Li X, Wang Y, Wang F, Li B, Sun S, Yang H (2017). "An unusual case of oropharyngeal chordoma: A case report and literature review". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (48): e8963. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008963. PMC 5728799. PMID 29310398.
- ↑ Negrete L, Brusa F (2017). "Increasing diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in the Interior Atlantic Forest with the description of two new species and new records from Argentina". Zootaxa. 4362 (1): 99–127. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.5. PMID 29245445.
- ↑ Irani SK, Oliver DR, Movahed R, Kim YI, Thiesen G, Kim KB (2018). "Pharyngeal airway evaluation after isolated mandibular setback surgery using cone-beam computed tomography". Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 153 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.05.031. PMID 29287649.
- ↑ Salgado C, Garcia AM, Rúbio C, Cunha F (2017). "[Infectious Mononucleosis and Cholestatic Hepatitis: A Rare Association]". Acta Med Port. 30 (12): 886–888. doi:10.20344/amp.8715. PMID 29364802.
- ↑ Sheridan GA, Nusrath MA, Toner M, Stassen LF (2017). "Treatment Options for Amelobastic Carcinoma of the Mandible: A Case Series and Review of the Literature". Ir Med J. 110 (9): 639. PMID 29372954.
- ↑ Sclafani JA, Ross DI, Weeks BH, Yang M, Kim CW (2017). "Validity and reliability of a novel patient reported outcome tool to evaluate post-operative dysphagia, odynophagia, and voice (DOV) disability after anterior cervical procedures". Int J Spine Surg. 11: 35. doi:10.14444/4035. PMC 5779272. PMID 29372139.