Guillain-Barré syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]

Overview

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, autoimmune, polyradiculoneuropathy affecting the peripheral nervous system, usually triggered by an acute infectious process. The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown. However, it has been associated with an antecedence of minor infections (lung, sinus or diarrhea) with campylobacter jejuni. It has also been linked to flu vaccine but the incidence is rare.

Causes

Common Causes

Subtypes	explanetion
Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)	The most common type (85-90%). Prior infection can trigger it. Autoimmune disorder. The target is schwann cell surface membrane or the myelin. Causes demyelination. In electrodiagnostic tests we can see slowing of nerve conduction. In pathology we can see lymphocytic infiltration of peripheral nerves and macrophage invasion of myelin sheath and schwann cells.
Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)	It’s common among Chinese and Japanese people. It can be triggered by C. jejuni. It is associated with antiganglioside antibodies. Autoimmune disorder. Target is axonal membrane. Causes axonal degeneration in motor neurons. In electrodiagnostic study we can see reduction of compound muscle action potential.
Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy	The incidence rate is under 10%. Causes axonal degeneration. It is similar with AMAN but involves both motor and sensory axons.
Miller Fisher syndrome	Causes a clinical triad: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. Associated with ganglioside GQ1b antibody.