Guillain-Barré syndrome causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.
Overview
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, autoimmune, polyradiculoneuropathy affecting the peripheral nervous system, usually triggered by an acute infectious process. The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown. However, it has been associated with an antecedence of minor infections (lung, sinus or diarrhea) with campylobacter jejuni. It has also been linked to flu vaccine but the incidence is rare.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. GBS has a different natural history in every patient based on age and the speed of symptoms occurrence, so it can lead to death or patients may fully recover no matter what's the etiology is.[1][2]
Common Causes
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Most common cause of gastroenteritis
- Most common infection associated with GBS
- There is a strong association between C. jejuni and AMAN type of GBS.
- The C. jejuni LPS contains a tetrasaccharide which is similar to GM1.
- C. jejuni can also cause MFS
- It has antigens similar to GQ1b which is found in ocular motor nerves so it can cause ophthalmoplegia.
- Cytomegalovirus
- This virus can cause respiratory infection, mononucleosis and flu-like symptoms.
- The most common virus associated with GBS.
- It will mostly cause AIDP in young females.
- In some of the patients’ serum we can detect antibodies against GM2.
- Haemophilus influenza
- It is mostly associated with AMAN type of GBS.
- There is a molecular similarity with ganglioside GM1.
Less Common Causes
Genetic Causes
References
- ↑ Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielasek J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV (November 1998). "Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barré Syndrome Trial Group". Ann. Neurol. 44 (5): 780–8. doi:10.1002/ana.410440512. PMID 9818934.
- ↑ Bradshaw DY, Jones HR (April 1992). "Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: clinical course, electrodiagnosis, and prognosis". Muscle Nerve. 15 (4): 500–6. doi:10.1002/mus.880150415. PMID 1565119.
- ↑ Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangro H, Watkins RP (May 1988). "A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (5): 613–8. PMC 1033063. PMID 3404161.
- ↑ Berger JR, Difini JA, Swerdloff MA, Ayyar DR (September 1987). "HIV seropositivity in Guillain-Barré syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 22 (3): 393–4. doi:10.1002/ana.410220320. PMID 3674806.