Papillary thyroid cancer natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with papillary thyroid cancer may progress to develop metastasis. Common complications of papillary thyroid cancer include vocal cord compression, dysphagia, and dyspnea. The presence of metastasis is associated with a particularly poor prognosis among patients with papillary thyroid cancer. The 5 year survival rate for stage 4 papillary thyroid cancer is 51%.

Natural History

The symptoms of papillary thyroid cancer usually develop in the third or fourth decade of life, and start with symptoms such as painless lump in the neck. Without treatment, the patient will develop symptoms of compression and metastasis, which may be fatal.

Complications

• Metastasis
• Vocal cord compression
• Dysphagia
• Dyspnea

Prognosis

• Prognosis is generally excellent, and the 10-year relative survival rate of patients with papillary thyroid cancer is approximately 99%.
• Prognosis of patients with papillary thyroid cancer is found to be dependent on the patient's age, size of the tumor, presence of metastatic disease, and presence of tumor invasion into adjacent tissues near the thyroid gland.

The 5-year survival rate for papillary thyroid cancer is approximately 96 percent

5 year Relative Survival Rate

• 5-year relative survival rate of papillary thyroid cancer depends on the invasion of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.
  • Localized tumor: 100%
  • Tumor with regional metastasis: 100%
  • Tumor with distant metastasis: 78%