Acidosis

Acidosis
ICD-10	E87.2
ICD-9	276.2
DiseasesDB	87
MeSH	D000138

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List of terms related to Acidosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see renal tubular acidosis.

Overview

Acidosis is an increased acidity (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further qualified, it refers to acidity of the blood plasma.

Generally, acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35, while its counterpart (alkalosis) occurs at a pH over 7.45. Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes.

Strictly speaking, the term acidemia would be more appropriate to describe the state of low blood pH, reserving acidosis to describe the processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, most physicians use the terms interchangeably. The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, where the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low pH.

The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g. healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Changes in the pH of arterial blood (and therefore the extracellular fluid) outside this range result in irreversible cell damage (Needham, 2004).

Overview

• Acidosis can either be metabolic or respiratory

  • Both are caused by low arterial pH

• Metabolic acidosis is due to an increased accumulation of acid equivalents through impairment of the regulatory ability of liver or kidneys or metabolism
• Respiratory acidosis is caused by a retention of carbon dioxide due to inadequate hypoventilation or pulmonary ventilation

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to hypoventilation. It is most often caused by pulmonary problems, although head injuries, drugs (especially anaesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors can also bring it on. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, severe pneumonia, and aspiration are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a response to chronic metabolic alkalosis.

Blood gases show pH below 7.35 as above mentioned, and PaCO₂ will be high (>45 mmHg / 6 kPa).

The key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO₂ is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis persists for days or longer and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis may result from disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys. Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.

An increase in the production of metabolic acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. For example, lactic acidosis may occur from 1) severe (PaO2 <36mm Hg) hypoxemia causing a fall in the rate of oxygen diffusion from arterial blood to tissues, or 2) hypoperfusion (e.g. hypovolemic shock) causing an inadequate blood delivery of oxygen to tissues. A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate, e.g. in mixed venous blood, is termed "excess lactate" and is the best indicator of an inadequate flow of oxygen into the body's mitochondria from either cause. Oxygen debt (and muscle excess lactate) is also seen in strenuous exercise. Once oxygenation is restored, the acidosis clears quickly. Another example of increased production of acids occurs in starvation and diabetic acidosis. It is due to the accumulation of ketoacids (ketosis) and reflects a severe shift from glycolysis to lipolysis for fuel needs.

Acidic poisons, iron etc., and decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis can result in stimulation of chemoreceptors and so increase alveolar ventilation, leading to respiratory compensation, otherwise known as Kussmaul breathing a specific type of hyperventilation. Should this situation persist the patient is at risk for exhaustion leading to respiratory failure.

Mutations to the V-ATPase 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis—a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis—in some cases with sensorineural deafness.

In blood gas tests, it is characterised by a low pH, low blood HCO₃, and normal or low PaCO₂. In addition to arterial blood gas one can use the anion gap to differentiate between possible causes.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a buffer solution. The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component. In hypovolemic shock for example, approximately 50% of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid, which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected.

Treatment of any of the varieties of metabolic acidosis is focused upon correction of the underlying problem. However, neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bases like sodium bicarbonate may be temporarily helpful in some critical emergencies.

Differential Diagnosis

In alphabetical order.

Metabolic Acidosis

• Acetazolamide
• Acute Renal Failure
• Alcoholism
• Ammonium chloride medication
• Biliary fistula
• Chronic interstitial nephritis
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Chronic respiratory alkalosis
• CO2 intoxication
• Congenital metabolic disorders
• Congestive heart failure
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• Diarrhea
• Distal tubular acidosis
• Drugs, toxins
• Renal failure
• Fever
• Following chronic hyperventilation
• Glomerular/tubular retention acidosis
• Heavy physical work
• Hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis
• Hyperventilation
• Hypovolemia
• Hypoxia
• Ileus
• Anion Gap Acidosis
• Lactic Acidosis
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Mesenteric insufficiency
• Myocardial Infarction
• Normal anion gap
• Pancreatitis
• Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Sepsis
• Severe burns
• Severe hepatopathy
• Shock
• Small intestine fistula
• Starvation
• Status asthmaticus
• Therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Tumor
• Vasomotor ataxia

Respiratory Acidosis

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Botulism
• Brainstem injury or infarction
• Bronchospasm
• Cerebral injury or infarction
• Chest trauma
• Congestive heart failure
• Diaphragmatic paralysis
• Drugs, toxins
• Familial periodic paralysis
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• High spinal cord injury
• Hypochloremic Acidosis
• Hypokalemic myopathy
• Inadequate mechanical ventilation
• Kyphoscoliosis
• Laryngeal spasm or edema
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Neoplasm
• Pneumonia
• Pneumothorax
• Poliomyelitis
• Polyradiculitis
• Primary hypoventilation
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Restrictive Lung Disease
• Sleep Apnea
• Smoke inhalation
• Tetanus
• Tracheal stenosis or edema

References

• Hobler KE, Carey LC. Effect of acute progressive hypoxemia on cardiac output and plasma excess lactate. Ann Surg. 1973 Feb;177(2):199-202.
• Hobler KE, Napodano RJ, Tolerance of swine to acute blood volume deficits.
• J Trauma. 1974 Aug;14(8):716-8.
• Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders by Rose, Post
• Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe
• The ICU Book by Marino
• Needham, A. 2004. Comparative and Environmental Physiology Acidosis and Alkalosis.

External links

• National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse