Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]
Overview
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible [1]. COPD is the umbrella term for chronic bronchitis, emphysema and a range of other lung disorders. It is most often due to tobacco smoking,[2] but can be due to other airborne irritants such as coal dust, asbestos or solvents, congenital conditions such as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and as well as preserved meats containing nitrites.
Historical perspective
COPD has probably always existed but has been called by different names in the past. Bonet described a condition of “voluminous lungs” in 1679. In 1769, Giovanni Morgagni described 19 cases where the lungs were “turgid” particularly from air.[3] The first description and illustration of the enlarged airspaces in emphysema was provided by Ruysh in 1721."History of pathologic descriptions of COPD" (PDF). Matthew Baillie illustrated an emphysematous lung in 1789 and described the destructive character of the condition.[3] Badham used the word "catarrh" to describe the cough and mucus hypersecretion of chronic bronchitis in 1814. He recognised that chronic bronchitis was a disabling disorder.
René Laennec, the physician who invented the stethoscope, used the term "emphysema" in his book A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation (1837) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy. He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus.[3]
In 1842, John Hutchinson invented the spirometer, which allowed the measurement of vital capacity of the lungs. However, his spirometer could only measure volume, not airflow.[4] Tiffeneau in 1947 and Gaensler in 1950 and 1951 described the principles of measuring airflow.
The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined at the CIBA guest symposium of physicians in 1959. The term COPD was first used by William Briscoe in 1965 and has gradually overtaken other terms to become established today as the preferred name for this disease.
References
- ↑ Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC (2002). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance--United States, 1971-2000". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries / CDC. 51 (6): 1–16. PMID 12198919. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Devereux G. ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors. BMJ 2006;332:1142-1144. PMID 16690673
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Petty TL (2006). "The history of COPD". Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 1 (1): 3–14. PMC 2706597. PMID 18046898.
- ↑ Fishman AP (2005). "One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171 (9): 941–8. doi:10.1164/rccm.200412-1685OE. PMID 15849329. Unknown parameter
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