Papilledema physical examination

Papilledema
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, MBBS

Eyes

Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

• 
  Papilledema.
• 
  Pseudopapilledema.

There are 10 hallmarks of papilledema seen by using opthalmoscope:

• Blurring of the disc margins
• Filling in of the optic disc cup
• Anterior bulging of the nerve head
• Edema of the nerve fiber layer
• Retinal or choroidal folds
• Congestion of retinal veins
• Peripapillary hemorrhages
• Hyperemia of the optic nerve head
• Nerve fiber layer infarcts
• Hard exudates of the optic disc

On visual field examination, the physician may elicit an enlarged blind spot; the visual acuity may remain relatively intact until papilledema is severe or prolonged.

References