Subdural empyema causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Subdural empyema, also referred to as subdural abscess, pachymeningitis interna and circumscript meningitis, is a life-threatening infection.[1] It consists of a localised collection of purulent material, usually unilateral, between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater and accounts for about 15-22% of the reported focal intracranial infections The empyema may develop intracranially (about 95%) or in the spinal canal (about 5%), and in both cases, it constitutes a medical and neurosurgical emergency.[2] Depending on the site of origin of the infection, as well as location of the empyema in the subdural space, there will be different causative agents. The rate of success of growth of bacterial cultures, from the surgically removed pus is 54-81%. Common agents of subdural empyema include: anaerobes, aerobic streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other gram-negative bacilli. [1] In children, subdural empyema most often happens as a complication of meningitis while in adults it usually occurs as a complication of sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis trauma or as a complication of neurological procedures.[1][3]
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | a-hemolytic streptococci, anaerobic streptococci, nonhemolytic streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Enterobacteriaceae, Group B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacteriaceae |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical order
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Agrawal, Amit; Timothy, Jake; Pandit, Lekha; Shetty, Lathika; Shetty, J.P. (2007). "A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 15 (3): 149–153. doi:10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7. ISSN 1056-9103.
- ↑ Greenlee JE (2003). "Subdural Empyema". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 5 (1): 13–22. PMID 12521560.
- ↑ Quraishi H, Zevallos JP (2006). "Subdural empyema as a complication of sinusitis in the pediatric population". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (9): 1581–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.04.007. PMID 16777239. Unknown parameter
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