Acrodysostosis

Acrodysostosis syndrome
ICD-10	GroupMajor.minor
ICD-9	xxx
OMIM	101800
DiseasesDB	31405

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Overview

Acrodysostosis also known as Arkless-Graham syndrome or Maroteaux-Malamut syndrome is a rare congenital malformation syndrome which involves shortening of the knuckles of the legs and hands, mental deficiency in approximately 90% of affected children, and peculiar fecies. Other common abnormalities include short head (which is measured front to back i.e. brachycephaly), small broad upturned nose with flat nasal bridge, protruding jaw, Intrauterine growth retardation and short stature. Further abnormalities of the skin, genitals, teeth, and skeleton may occur. Most reported cases have been sporadic, but it has been suggested that the condition might be genetically related i.e. in a autosomal dominant mode of transmission. Both males and females are affected. The disorder has been associated with older parental age.

Differentiating Acrodysostosis From Other Diseases

Acrodysostosis be differentiated from other causes of abnormal parathyroid hormone(PTH) and parathyroid hormone resistance like Blomstrand chondrodysplasia, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism.

Differential diagnosis of Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Disorders		Mechanism	Laboratory findings
			Serum PTH	Serum Calcium	Serum Phosphate	Other findings
Pseudohypoparathyroidism	Type 1a	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations that reduce expression or function of Gαs Genetic mutation disrupts both receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase and receptor-independent activation of the enzyme.	↑	↓	↑	↓ 1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D ↓ Urinary cAMP ↓ Urinary phosphate
	Type 1b	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Familial- heterozygous deletions in STX16, NESP55, and/or AS exons or loss of methylation at GNAS	↑	↓	↑	↓ 1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D ↓ Urinary cAMP ↓ Urinary phosphate
	Type 1c	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations that reduce expression or function of Gαs Genetic mutation disrupts receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase but does not affect receptor-independent activation of the enzyme.	↑	↓	↑	↓ 1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D ↓ Urinary cAMP ↓ Urinary phosphate
	Type 2	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH).	↑	↓	↑	↓ 1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D Normal urinary cAMP ↓ Urinary phosphate
	Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Combination of inactivating mutations of GNAS1 and Albright's osteodystrophy	Normal	Normal	Normal	--
Hypoparathyroidism		There is deficiency of parathyroid hormone in hypoparathyroidism. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone causes body to decrease: Reabsorption of calcium from bone. Excretion of phosphate. Reabsorbtion of calcium from distal tubules. Vitamin D mediated absorption of calcium from intestine.	↓	↓	↑	↓ 1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D Normal urinary cAMP Normal urinary phosphate
Hypomagnesemia		Decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion Skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH)	Inappropriately ↓	Normal/↓	--	↓ serum magnesium ↓/Normal serum potassium
Acrodysostosis	Acrodysostosis type 1	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) PRKAR1A germ-line mutation in the encoding gene resulting in parathyroid resistance	↑	↓	↑	Multiple hormone resistance
	Acrodysostosis type 2	Genetic defect causing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene mutation resulting in parathyroid resistance	↑	↓	↑	Multiple hormone resistance
Blomstrand chondrodysplasia		Genetic defectcausing end organ resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in both alleles encoding the type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor resulting in parathyroid resistance	↑	↓	↑	↓ Urinary Phosphate, ↑ Urinary cAMP
Hyperparathyroidism	Primary hyperparathyroidism	Increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from a primary process in parathyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone causes increase in serum calcium.	↑	↑	↓/Normal	Normal/↑ calcitriol
	Secondary hyperparathyroidism	Increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from a secondary process. Parathyroid hormone causes increase in serum calcium after long periods.	↑	↓/Normal	↑	--
	Tertiary hyperparathyroidism	Continuous elevation of parathyroid hormone(PTH) even after successful treatment of the secondary cause of elevated parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone causes increase in serum calcium.	↑	↑	↑	--

References

• http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1623.html
• http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Acrodysostosis

Further Reading

• Arkless, B. Graham: An unusual case of brachydactyly? Peripheral dysostosis? Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism? Cone epiphyses? American Journal of Roentgenology, Leesburg, Virginia, 1967, 99: 724-735.
• P. Maroteaux, G. Malamut: L’acrodysostose. La presse médicale, Paris, 1968, 76: 2189-2192.

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