Adrenal insufficiency epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayeesha Kattubadi, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disorder. It may present in patients of all age groups. The incidence of autoimmune adrenalitis is more common in females in the age groups of 30 to 50 compared to males. Whereas, adrenal crisis does not show any female to male predilection. The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developed world is autoimmune adrenalitis. Whereas, in the developing world it is Tuberculosis. The most common cause of central adrenal insufficiency is chronic glucocorticoid use.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of adrenal insufficiency is approximately 0.8 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year individuals in the developed world. [1]
- The incidence of adrenal insufficiency in Europe is approximately 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year. [2]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency is approximately 4-11 cases per 100,000 individuals in the developed world. [3]
- In 2016, Iceland reported the highest prevalence of 221 cases per 100,000 individuals. [4]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- The mortality rate of adrenal crisis is approximately 0.5/100 patients/year. [5]
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop adrenal insufficiency.
- Primary adrenal insufficiency commonly affects individuals between 30 to 50 years of age.
- Secondary adrenal insufficiency commonly affects individuals in the 60s. [6]
- The incidence of adrenal crisis increase with age greater than 60 years. [7]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to adrenal insufficiency [8]
Gender
- Females are more commonly affected by adrenal insufficiency than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2 to 1 for primary adrenal insufficiency. [9]
- Acute adrenal crisis affects males and females equally. [10]
Region
- The highest incidence of adrenal insufficiency has been reported in Iceland.[11].
Developed Countries
Worldwide, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency was Tuberculosis. However, since the 1950s the incidence of autoimmune adrenalitis has been rising. Now, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developed world is autoimmune adrenalitis. [12]
Developing Countries
The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developing world is Tuberculosis. [13]
References
- ↑ Melmed, Shlomo (2020). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323555968.
- ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Melmed, Shlomo (2020). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323555968.
- ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Gardner, David (2018). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. ISBN 9781259589287.
- ↑ Gardner, David (2018). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. ISBN 9781259589287.