Avian influenza historical perspective
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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Avian influenza was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry. In 1918, the avian-descended influenza A H1N1 caused the first major human influenza pandemic. The first avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in Hong Kong, where 18 cases were documented (including 6 deaths). The first human-to-human transmission of avian influenza infection was described in 2003 during the outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia.
Historical Perspective
- Avian influenza was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry.[1] In 1984 and 1901, subsequent outbreaks were reported in Italy, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and France.[1]
- The first major human influenza (influenza A H1N1) pandemic was reported in 1918. The infleunza was an avian-descended virus that underwent adaptive mutations of unknown mechanisms.
- All viral forms were considered highly pathological avian influenza (HPAI) forms of H7 subtype until mid-1950s. After that, other H subtypes were subsequently isolated. In 1960, a new less virulent "N" subtype of avian influenza was isolated in Germany.[1]
- The first influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in Hong Kong, where 18 cases were documented (including 6 deaths).[2][3]
- In 2003, the largest non-H5N1 outbreak occurred in Netherlands, where 89 cases were documented (including 1 death). It is hypothesized that during the Netherlands outbreak, the first human-to-human transmission may have occurred.[4]
- In 2003, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza was first reported during the influenza A H5N1 outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia.
- It has been speculated that following genetic mutations, the avian influenza virus may be evolving into more virulent and fatal forms, with increased rates of severe clinical manifestations.[5][6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lupiani B, Reddy SM (2009). "The history of avian influenza". Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 32 (4): 311–23. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004. PMID 18533261.
- ↑ Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF; et al. (1998). "Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus". Lancet. 351 (9101): 467–71. PMID 9482437.
- ↑ Chan PK (2002). "Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997". Clin Infect Dis. 34 Suppl 2: S58–64. doi:10.1086/338820. PMID 11938498.
- ↑ Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H; et al. (2004). "Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands". Lancet. 363 (9409): 587–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15589-X. PMID 14987882.
- ↑ Maines TR, Lu XH, Erb SM, Edwards L, Guarner J, Greer PW; et al. (2005). "Avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Asia in 2004 exhibit increased virulence in mammals". J Virol. 79 (18): 11788–800. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11788-11800.2005. PMC 1212624. PMID 16140756.
- ↑ Govorkova EA, Rehg JE, Krauss S, Yen HL, Guan Y, Peiris M; et al. (2005). "Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004". J Virol. 79 (4): 2191–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2191-2198.2005. PMC 546577. PMID 15681421.