Avian influenza risk factors
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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The majority of cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry, or contaminated environments. Human to human transmission is still rare and inefficient.
Risk Factors
- The most important risk factor for human infection with avian influenza is exposure to infected live or dead poultry (whether direct or indirect) or to environments that may be contaminated, such as live bird markets. [1][2][3][4]
- Such exposure is highest among individuals that handle, slaughter, defeather infected poultry, or handle carcasses of infected poultry. [3]
- Preparing poultry for consumption, especially in household settings, is also an important risk factor.[4]
- Other less substantiated risk factors include:
- The spread of avian influenza viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been inefficient and not sustained.[2]
References
- ↑ Liu B, Havers F, Chen E, et al. Risk factors for influenza A(H7N9) disease--China, 2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(6):787-94. PMID: 24928293
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on April 22, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans. Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm Accessed on April 22, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dinh PN, Long HT, Tien NT, et al. Risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004. Emerging Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1841-7. PMC3291373