Candida vulvovaginitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2], Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
Candida vulvovaginitis is not a reportable disease and epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the disease are hard to perform.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Epidemiological studies on Candida vulvovaginitis are hard to perform, because of several factors:[1][2]
- Candida vulvovaginitis is not a reportable disease.
- The diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis is based on clinical presentation and positive laboratory findings. Relying on a positive culture alone would likely overestimate the prevalence of Candida vulvovaginitis.
- The use of over-the-counter (OTC) topical anti-fungals makes it difficult to conduct epidemiological studies.
- Candida is the second most common cause of vaginal infection in young women following bacterial Vaginosis.[3]
Age
- Incidence of Candida vulvovaginitis is higher in pregnant women.[4][5]
- Women in reproductive age group are prone for Candida vulvovaginits and at least one episode is reported in 70 to 75% in this population group.[6]
- 40 to 50% of patients with a prior yeast infection have multiple episodes of yeast infection.[4]
- Among the adult population 5 to 8% women have more than four episodes of infection.[7]
- In 20% asymptomatic healthy adolescent women, Candida species can be isolated from the vagina.[8]
Race
Candida vulvovaginitis is more prevalent among African American women than white American women.[7]
References
- ↑ Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, Ledger WJ, Nyirjesy PR, Reed BD, Summers PR (1998). "Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178 (2): 203–11. PMID 9500475.
- ↑ Sobel JD (2007). "Vulvovaginal candidosis". Lancet. 369 (9577): 1961–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9. PMID 17560449.
- ↑ Allsworth JE, Peipert JF (2007). "Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data". Obstet Gynecol. 109 (1): 114–20. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91. PMID 17197596.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hurley R, De Louvois J (1979). "Candida vaginitis". Postgrad Med J. 55 (647): 645–7. PMC 2425644. PMID 523355.
- ↑ García Heredia M, García SD, Copolillo EF, Cora Eliseth M, Barata AD, Vay CA; et al. (2006). "[Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Identification of yeasts and susceptibility to antifungal agents]". Rev Argent Microbiol. 38 (1): 9–12. PMID 16784126.
- ↑ Zuckerman, Andrea; Romano, Mary (2016). "Clinical Recommendation: Vulvovaginitis". Journal of Pediatric and AdolescentGynecology. 29 (6): 673–679. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.002. ISSN 1083-3188.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Foxman B, Marsh JV, Gillespie B, Sobel JD (1998). "Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey". J Womens Health. 7 (9): 1167–74. PMID 9861594.
- ↑ Barousse, M M (2004). "Vaginal yeast colonisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in adolescents". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 80 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1136/sti.2002.003855. ISSN 1368-4973.