Cerebral palsy historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The first detailed medical descriptions for cerebral palsy dates back to the era of Hippocrates in his work “Corpus Hippocraticum”. Although there is lack of detailed medical descriptions from before the 19th century, mentions to cerebral palsy can be found in representational art, literary sources and paleopathology. In 1827, Jean Baptiste Cazauvieilh was the first to report cerebral atrophy in individuals with congenital paralysis and tried to distinguish between lesions in the developing brain with those related to trauma. In 1853, Little named spastic diplegia as Little's disease. In 1861, after twenty years of experience and nearly 200 cases, Little put forth a theory that asphyxia at birth could cause permanent central nervous system damage in cerebral palsy patients. Between 1891 and 1897, Sigmund Freud was the first to describe a classification system for cerebral palsy in his several volumes entitled “Cerebral Palsy”. In 1953, Virginia Apgar generated a scoring system, "APGAR" that forced obstetricians to examine the condition of newborns at birth and assess the need for treatment.
Historical Perspective
- In 1827, Jean Baptiste Cazauvieilh was the first to report cerebral atrophy in individuals with congenital paralysis and tried to distinguish between lesions in the developing brain with those related to trauma.[1][2]
- In 1829, Jean Cruveilhier and Carl Rokitansky reported isolated cases of cerebral atrophy in children.
- In 1842, Eduard Heinrich Henonch in his dissertation, “Die Atrophia Cerebri”, described the cerebral changes associated with infantile hemiplegia.
- In 1832, William John Little, the founder of orthopedic surgery in England successfully corrected his own clubfoot using George Fredrick Louis Stromeyer's technique of subcutaneous tenotomy.
- In 1853, Little named spastic diplegia as Little's disease.
- In 1861, after twenty years of experience and nearly 200 cases, Little put forth a theory that asphyxia at birth could cause permanent central nervous system damage in cerebral palsy patients.
- In 1868, Jean Louis Cotard, under the guidance of Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893), a French neurologist, analyzed the different etiologies of cerebral paralysis, especially trauma, and described partial atrophy of the brain in these conditions.
- In 1882, James Ross proposed the idea that most cases of spastic paraplegia in infancy are due to a porencephalic defect of the cortical motor centers.
- In 1887, Victor Hutintel suggested that congenital hemiplegia might result from localized encephalomalacia, which is secondary to venous congestion, stasis, thrombosis, and hemorrhage.
- Between 1891 and 1897, Sigmund Freud was the first to describe a classification system for cerebral palsy in his several volumes entitled “Cerebral Palsy”.
- In 1925, Schaltenbrand was the first to describe normal motor development in great detail and was later elaborated on by McGraw in 1943.
- In 1947, Strauss and Lehtinen noticed for the first time that behavioral and emotional abnormalities are common in children with cerebral palsy.
- In the 1950’s, Andreas Peto developed conductive education with the objective to enable children with cerebral palsy to walk in order to be able to integrate them as well as possible into the regular educational system.
- In 1953, Virginia Apgar generated a scoring system, "APGAR" that forced obstetricians to examine the condition of newborns at birth and assess the need for treatment.
- In 1959, Crothers and Paine pioneered a multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of cerebral palsy, based on the classification of muscle tone and neurological syndromes.
- In 1961, Erich Saling & Damaschke developed the micro-assay for sampling blood gas which allowed the diagnosis of acidosis and hypoxia using small quantities of blood.
- In 1964, Crothers and Paine, along with Ingram, studied cerebral palsy patients with cerebellar involvement and discovered a form of cerebral palsy in which ataxia is present.
- In 1964, Prechtl and Beintema developed an examination system based on primitive reflex status and their relevance as a diagnostic tool to functionally assess the young nervous system, is especially important in predicting cerebral palsy and minor neurological deficits.
- In 1967, Christensen and Melchior published in detail the first book on cerebral palsy concentrating on clinical and neuropathological studies and related these to aetiological and pathogenic factors.
References
- ↑ Panteliadis C, Panteliadis P, Vassilyadi F (2013). "Hallmarks in the history of cerebral palsy: from antiquity to mid-20th century". Brain Dev. 35 (4): 285–92. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.003. PMID 22658818.
- ↑ Rock I, Nijhawan R, Palmer S, Tudor L (1992). "Grouping based on phenomenal similarity of achromatic color". Perception. 21 (6): 779–89. doi:10.1068/p210779. PMID 1297981.