Diabetes mellitus type 2 Life style modification
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 Microchapters |
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Differentiating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[3]
Overview
Life style modification is fundamental for diabetes management and it's a part of therapy. It includes diabetes self-management education (DSME), diabetes self-management support (DSMS), nutrition therapy, physical activity, smoking cessation counseling, and psychosocial care. The overall objectives of DSME and DSMS are to support informed decision making, self-care behaviors, problem solving, and active collaboration with the health care team to improve clinical outcomes, health status, and quality of life in a cost-effective manner.
Life style modification
Nutrition Therapy
- What to eat is a challenging concern for diabetic patients. There is not a one size fits all diet pattern to generalize for all patients and dietary requirements should be individualized for every patient.
- All individuals with diabetes should receive individualized medical nutrition therapy (MNT). MNT delivered by a registered dietitian is associated with A1C decreases of 0.3–1% for people with type 1 diabetes[1][2] and 0.5–2% for people with type 2 diabetes.[3][4]
- A balance between carbohydrates, fats and proteins should be individualized. Carbohydrate intake from whole grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and dairy products, with an emphasis on foods higher in fiber and lower in glycemic load, should be advised over other sources, especially those containing sugars.
- Proteins appear to increase insulin response without increasing plasma glucose concentrations. Therefore, carbohydrate sources high in protein should not be used to treat or prevent hypoglycemia.
- Eating foods rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish and nuts and seeds is recommended to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
- Adults with diabetes who drink alcohol should do so in moderation (no more than one drink per day for adult women and no more than two drinks per day for adult men).
- Sodium intake should be restricted to less than 2.3 g/d.
- A cohort study concluded that antioxidant rich diet is related to reduced risk of diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance.[5] Moreover animal models suggested the role of dietary antioxidants in suppressing the beta cell apoptosis due to oxidative stress.[6]
- A study reported that curcumin intake (30-90 mg/Kg) had anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.[7] Furthermore, another study done on animal models demonstrated that curcumin decreases blood glucose and vascular inflammation through MCP-1, IL-6, HbA1c, TNF-α and lipid peroxidation inhibition.[8] Moreover, numerous studies showed decreased insulin resistance in high fat-fed rats.[9] Nevertheless, more data is required regarding possible side effects.
Physical activity
- It has been proven that weight loss can delay progression from pre-diabetes to diabetes and is helpful to control hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.[10][11] Losing 5% of initial body weight, has been shown to achieve those goal.
- The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's physical activity guidelines for Americans[12] suggest that adults over age 18 years engage in 150 min/week of moderate-intensity or 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of the two.
- Resistance exercise is able to reduce blood glucose and insulin level that can last up to 24 hours and 18 hours, respectively. Resistance exercises are more efficacious in reducing glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol levels when they are done after a meal (rather than before a meal).[13]
Smoking cessation
- All diabetic patients should be encouraged to quit smoking.[14]
- For the patient motivated to quit, the addition of pharmacological therapy to counseling is more effective than either treatment alone.
- Special considerations should include assessment of level of nicotine dependence, which is associated with difficulty in quitting and relapse.[15]
Psychological issues
- Emotional well-being is an important part of diabetes care and self-management. Patients should be asked for possible barriers to treatment and self monitoring such as, feeling overwhelmed or stressed by diabetes or other life stressors.
- Appropriate referral should take into consideration susceptible patients.
References
- ↑ Kulkarni K, Castle G, Gregory R, Holmes A, Leontos C, Powers M, Snetselaar L, Splett P, Wylie-Rosett J (1998). "Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus positively affect dietitian practices and patient outcomes. The Diabetes Care and Education Dietetic Practice Group". J Am Diet Assoc. 98 (1): 62–70, quiz 71–2. PMID 9434653.
- ↑ Scavone G, Manto A, Pitocco D, Gagliardi L, Caputo S, Mancini L, Zaccardi F, Ghirlanda G (2010). "Effect of carbohydrate counting and medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetic subjects: a pilot study". Diabet. Med. 27 (4): 477–9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02963.x. PMID 20536522.
- ↑ Coppell KJ, Kataoka M, Williams SM, Chisholm AW, Vorgers SM, Mann JI (2010). "Nutritional intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes who are hyperglycaemic despite optimised drug treatment--Lifestyle Over and Above Drugs in Diabetes (LOADD) study: randomised controlled trial". BMJ. 341: c3337. PMC 2907481. PMID 20647285.
- ↑ Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ, Hazen KY, L Nadler J, Oneida B, Bovbjerg VE (2004). "Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study". Diabetes Care. 27 (7): 1570–6. PMID 15220230.
- ↑ van der Schaft, Niels; Schoufour, Josje D.; Nano, Jana; Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C.; Muka, Taulant; Sijbrands, Eric J. G.; Ikram, M. Arfan; Franco, Oscar H.; Voortman, Trudy (2019). "Dietary antioxidant capacity and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes and insulin resistance: the Rotterdam Study". European Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (9): 853–861. doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00548-9. ISSN 0393-2990.
- ↑ Kaneto, H.; Kajimoto, Y.; Miyagawa, J.; Matsuoka, T.; Fujitani, Y.; Umayahara, Y.; Hanafusa, T.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Yamasaki, Y.; Hori, M. (1999). "Beneficial effects of antioxidants in diabetes: possible protection of pancreatic beta-cells against glucose toxicity". Diabetes. 48 (12): 2398–2406. doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.12.2398. ISSN 0012-1797.
- ↑ Gutierres, Vânia O.; Pinheiro, Clara M.; Assis, Renata P.; Vendramini, Regina C.; Pepato, Maria T.; Brunetti, Iguatemy L. (2011). "Curcumin-supplemented yoghurt improves physiological and biochemical markers of experimental diabetes". British Journal of Nutrition. 108 (3): 440–448. doi:10.1017/S0007114511005769. ISSN 0007-1145.
- ↑ Jain, Sushil K.; Rains, Justin; Croad, Jennifer; Larson, Bryon; Jones, Kimberly (2009). "Curcumin Supplementation Lowers TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 Secretion in High Glucose-Treated Cultured Monocytes and Blood Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, Glucose, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Diabetic Rats". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 11 (2): 241–249. doi:10.1089/ars.2008.2140. ISSN 1523-0864.
- ↑ Pivari, Francesca; Mingione, Alessandra; Brasacchio, Caterina; Soldati, Laura (2019). "Curcumin and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention and Treatment". Nutrients. 11 (8): 1837. doi:10.3390/nu11081837. ISSN 2072-6643.
- ↑ Mudaliar U, Zabetian A, Goodman M, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Albright AL, Gregg EW, Ali MK (2016). "Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Changes Observed in Diabetes Prevention Programs in US Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". PLoS Med. 13 (7): e1002095. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002095. PMC 4961455. PMID 27459705.
- ↑ Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, Avendano EA, Pittas AG, Remington PL (2015). "Combined Diet and Physical Activity Promotion Programs to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Among Persons at Increased Risk: A Systematic Review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force". Ann. Intern. Med. 163 (6): 437–51. doi:10.7326/M15-0452. PMC 4692590. PMID 26167912.
- ↑ "Summary - 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines - health.gov". Retrieved March 09, 2017. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Brown, Elise C.; Franklin, Barry A.; Regensteiner, Judith G.; Stewart, Kerry J. (2020). "Effects of single bout resistance exercise on glucose levels, insulin action, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: A narrative review". Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 34 (8): 107610. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107610. ISSN 1056-8727.
- ↑ Eliasson B (2003). "Cigarette smoking and diabetes". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 45 (5): 405–13. doi:10.1053/pcad.2003.00103. PMID 12704597.
- ↑ Yeh HC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Wang NY, Brancati FL (2010). "Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study". Ann Intern Med. 152 (1): 10–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-00005. PMC 5726255. PMID 20048267.