Fatty acid amide hydrolase

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"FAAH" redirects here. For other uses, see FAAH (disambiguation).
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Fatty acid amide hydrolase or FAAH (EC 3.5.1.99, oleamide hydrolase, anandamide amidohydrolase) is a member of the serine hydrolase family of enzymes. It was first shown to break down anandamide in 1993.[1] In humans, it is encoded by the gene FAAH.[2][3][4]

Function

FAAH is an integral membrane hydrolase with a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. In vitro, FAAH has esterase and amidase activity.[5] In vivo, FAAH is the principal catabolic enzyme for a class of bioactive lipids called the fatty acid amides (FAAs). Members of the FAAs include:

FAAH knockout mice display highly elevated (>15-fold) levels of N-acylethanolamines and N-acyltaurines in various tissues. Because of their significantly elevated anandamide levels, FAAH KOs have an analgesic phenotype, showing reduced pain sensation in the hot plate test, the formalin test, and the tail flick test.[11] Finally, because of their impaired ability to degrade anandamide, FAAH KOs also display supersensitivity to exogenous anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonist.[6]

Due to the ability of FAAH to regulate nociception, it is currently viewed as an attractive drug target for the treatment of pain.[12][13][14]

A mutation in FAAH was initially provisionally linked to drug abuse and dependence but this was not borne out in subsequent studies.[15]

Studies in cells and animals and genetic studies in humans have shown that inhibiting FAAH may be a useful strategy to treat anxiety disorders.[15][16][17]

Inhibitors and inactivators

Based on the hydrolytic mechanism of fatty acid amide hydrolase, a large number of irreversible and reversible inhibitors of this enzyme have been developed.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Some of the more significant compounds are listed below;

Inhibition and binding

Structural and conformational properties that contribute to enzyme inhibition and substrate binding imply an extended bound conformation, and a role for the presence, position, and stereochemistry of a delta cis double bond.[41]

Assays

The enzyme is typically assayed making use of a radiolabelled anandamide substrate, which generates free labelled ethanolamine, although alternative LC-MS methods have also been described.[42][43]

Structures

The first crystal structure of FAAH was published in 2002 (PDB code 1MT5).[4] Structures of FAAH with drug-like ligands were first reported in 2008, and include non-covalent inhibitor complexes and covalent adducts.[44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Deutsch DG, Chin SA (September 1993). "Enzymatic synthesis and degradation of anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist". Biochemical Pharmacology. 46 (5): 791–6. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90486-G. PMID 8373432.
  2. ↑ Cravatt BF, Giang DK, Mayfield SP, Boger DL, Lerner RA, Gilula NB (November 1996). "Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides". Nature. 384 (6604): 83–7. doi:10.1038/384083a0. PMID 8900284.
  3. ↑ Giang DK, Cravatt BF (March 1997). "Molecular characterization of human and mouse fatty acid amide hydrolases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (6): 2238–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2238. PMC 20071. PMID 9122178.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 PDB: 1MT5​; Bracey MH, Hanson MA, Masuda KR, Stevens RC, Cravatt BF (November 2002). "Structural adaptations in a membrane enzyme that terminates endocannabinoid signaling". Science. 298 (5599): 1793–6. doi:10.1126/science.1076535. PMID 12459591.
  5. ↑ Patricelli MP, Cravatt BF (October 1999). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase competitively degrades bioactive amides and esters through a nonconventional catalytic mechanism". Biochemistry. 38 (43): 14125–30. doi:10.1021/bi991876p. PMID 10571985.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cravatt BF, Demarest K, Patricelli MP, Bracey MH, Giang DK, Martin BR, Lichtman AH (July 2001). "Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 9371–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.161191698. PMC 55427. PMID 11470906.
  7. ↑ "The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 108 (1–2): 107–121. 2000-11-01. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00190-0. ISSN 0009-3084.
  8. ↑ Saghatelian A, Trauger SA, Want EJ, Hawkins EG, Siuzdak G, Cravatt BF (November 2004). "Assignment of endogenous substrates to enzymes by global metabolite profiling". Biochemistry. 43 (45): 14332–9. doi:10.1021/bi0480335. PMID 15533037.
  9. ↑ Cravatt BF, Prospero-Garcia O, Siuzdak G, Gilula NB, Henriksen SJ, Boger DL, Lerner RA (June 1995). "Chemical characterization of a family of brain lipids that induce sleep". Science. 268 (5216): 1506–9. doi:10.1126/science.7770779. PMID 7770779.
  10. ↑ Saghatelian A, McKinney MK, Bandell M, Patapoutian A, Cravatt BF (August 2006). "A FAAH-regulated class of N-acyl taurines that activates TRP ion channels". Biochemistry. 45 (30): 9007–15. doi:10.1021/bi0608008. PMID 16866345.
  11. ↑ Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH (October 2004). "The endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behavior". Journal of Neurobiology. 61 (1): 149–60. doi:10.1002/neu.20080. PMID 15362158.
  12. ↑ Sałaga M, Sobczak M, Fichna J (2014). "Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases in the gastrointestinal tract". European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 52: 173–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.012. PMID 24275607.
  13. ↑ Ulugöl A (2014). "The endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic target for pain modulation". Balkan Medical Journal. 31 (2): 115–20. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13103. PMC 4115931. PMID 25207181.
  14. ↑ Ghosh S, Kinsey SG, Liu QS, Hruba L, McMahon LR, Grim TW, et al. (2015). "Full Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition Combined with Partial Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition: Augmented and Sustained Antinociceptive Effects with Reduced Cannabimimetic Side Effects in Mice". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 354 (2): 111–20. doi:10.1124/jpet.115.222851. PMC 4518073. PMID 25998048.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Panlilio LV, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR (2013). "Inhibition of FAAH and activation of PPAR: new approaches to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and drug addiction". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 138 (1): 84–102. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.003. PMC 3662489. PMID 23333350.
  16. ↑ Gunduz-Cinar O, Hill MN, McEwen BS, Holmes A (November 2013). "Amygdala FAAH and anandamide: mediating protection and recovery from stress". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 34 (11): 637–44. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.08.008. PMC 4169112. PMID 24325918.
  17. ↑ Berardi A, Schelling G, Campolongo P (September 2016). "The endocannabinoid system and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): From preclinical findings to innovative therapeutic approaches in clinical settings". Pharmacological Research. 111: 668–78. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.024. PMID 27456243.
  18. ↑ Janero DR, Vadivel SK, Makriyannis A (April 2009). "Pharmacotherapeutic modulation of the endocannabinoid signalling system in psychiatric disorders: drug-discovery strategies". International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England). 21 (2): 122–33. doi:10.1080/09540260902782778. PMC 5531754. PMID 19367506.
  19. ↑ Ahn K, Johnson DS, Cravatt BF (July 2009). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and CNS disorders". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 4 (7): 763–784. doi:10.1517/17460440903018857. PMC 2882713. PMID 20544003.
  20. ↑ Petrosino S, Di Marzo V (January 2010). "FAAH and MAGL inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities from regulating endocannabinoid levels". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 11 (1): 51–62. PMID 20047159.
  21. ↑ Minkkilä A, Saario S, Nevalainen T (2010). "Discovery and development of endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitors". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 10 (8): 828–58. doi:10.2174/156802610791164238. PMID 20370710.
  22. ↑ Khanna IK, Alexander CW (August 2011). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors--progress and potential". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 10 (5): 545–58. doi:10.2174/187152711796234989. PMID 21631410.
  23. ↑ Bisogno T, Maccarrone M (May 2013). "Latest advances in the discovery of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 8 (5): 509–22. doi:10.1517/17460441.2013.780021. PMID 23488865.
  24. ↑ Pertwee RG (February 2014). "Elevating endocannabinoid levels: pharmacological strategies and potential therapeutic applications". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 73 (1): 96–105. doi:10.1017/S0029665113003649. PMID 24135210.
  25. ↑ Lodola A, Castelli R, Mor M, Rivara S (2015). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: a patent review (2009-2014)". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 25 (11): 1247–66. doi:10.1517/13543776.2015.1067683. PMID 26413912.
  26. ↑ Enserink M (2016). "More Details Emerge on Fateful French Drug Trial" (online). Science (January 16). doi:10.1126/science.aae0247. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  27. ↑ Blankman JL, Cravatt BF (April 2013). "Chemical probes of endocannabinoid metabolism". Pharmacological Reviews. 65 (2): 849–71. doi:10.1124/pr.112.006387. PMC 3639726. PMID 23512546.
  28. ↑ Min X, Thibault ST, Porter AC, Gustin DJ, Carlson TJ, Xu H, Lindstrom M, Xu G, Uyeda C, Ma Z, Li Y, Kayser F, Walker NP, Wang Z (May 2011). "Discovery and molecular basis of potent noncovalent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (18): 7379–84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016167108. PMC 3088576. PMID 21502526.
  29. ↑ Keith JM, Jones WM, Tichenor M, Liu J, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, Webb M, Karbarz M, Scott BP, Wilson SJ, Luo L, Wennerholm ML, Chang L, Rizzolio M, Rynberg R, Chaplan SR, Breitenbucher JG (December 2015). "Preclinical Characterization of the FAAH Inhibitor JNJ-42165279". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 6 (12): 1204–8. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00353. PMC 4677372. PMID 26713105.
  30. ↑ "Janssen Research & Development, LLC Voluntarily Suspends Dosing in Phase 2 Clinical Trials of Experimental Treatment for Mood Disorders". Janssen.com. 17 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  31. ↑ Moore SA, Nomikos GG, Dickason-Chesterfield AK, Schober DA, Schaus JM, Ying BP, Xu YC, Phebus L, Simmons RM, Li D, Iyengar S, Felder CC (December 2005). "Identification of a high-affinity binding site involved in the transport of endocannabinoids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (49): 17852–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507470102. PMC 1295594. PMID 16314570.
  32. ↑ Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS (December 2012). "Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 367 (1607): 3364–78. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0389. PMC 3481531. PMID 23108553.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Ahn K, Johnson DS, Fitzgerald LR, Liimatta M, Arendse A, Stevenson T, Lund ET, Nugent RA, Nomanbhoy TK, Alexander JP, Cravatt BF (November 2007). "Novel mechanistic class of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors with remarkable selectivity". Biochemistry. 46 (45): 13019–30. doi:10.1021/bi701378g. PMID 17949010.
  34. ↑ Fowler CJ (2015). "The Potential of Inhibitors of Endocannabinoid Metabolism for Drug Development: A Critical Review". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 231: 95–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_4. ISBN 978-3-319-20824-4. PMID 26408159.
  35. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT00822744 for "An Eight-week Study of SSR411298 as Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Elderly Patients (FIDELIO)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  36. ↑ "Clinical trials for SSR411298". EU Clinical Trials Register.
  37. ↑ Hart T, Macias AT, Benwell K, Brooks T, D'Alessandro J, Dokurno P, et al. (August 2009). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Surprising selectivity of chiral azetidine ureas". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (15): 4241–4. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.097. PMID 19515560.
  38. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT01748695 NCT01748695 for " A Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study of V158866 in Central Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  39. ↑ US granted 8450346, "Azetidine derivatives as FAAH inhibitors", published 28 May 2013, assigned to Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. 
  40. ↑ Roughley SD, Browne H, Macias AT, Benwell K, Brooks T, D'Alessandro J, et al. (January 2012). "Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. 3: tetra-substituted azetidine ureas with in vivo activity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 22 (2): 901–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.032. PMID 22209458.
  41. ↑ Boger DL, Sato H, Lerner AE, Austin BJ, Patterson JE, Patricelli MP, Cravatt BF (January 1999). "Trifluoromethyl ketone inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: a probe of structural and conformational features contributing to inhibition". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 9 (2): 265–70. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00734-3. PMID 10021942.
  42. ↑ Wang Y, Jones P (2009). "A scintillation proximity assay for fatty acid amide hydrolase compatible with inhibitor screening". Methods in Molecular Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology. 572: 247–59. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-244-5_16. ISBN 978-1-60761-243-8. PMID 20694697.
  43. ↑ Han B, Wright R, Kirchhoff AM, Chester JA, Cooper BR, Davisson VJ, Barker E (January 2013). "Quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of arachidonoyl amino acids in mouse brain with treatment of FAAH inhibitor". Analytical Biochemistry. 432 (2): 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.031. PMC 3760509. PMID 23044255.
  44. ↑ PDB: 2VYA​; Mileni M, Johnson DS, Wang Z, Everdeen DS, Liimatta M, Pabst B, Bhattacharya K, Nugent RA, Kamtekar S, Cravatt BF, Ahn K, Stevens RC (September 2008). "Structure-guided inhibitor design for human FAAH by interspecies active site conversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (35): 12820–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806121105. PMC 2529035. PMID 18753625.

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