Goodpasture syndrome differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Ali Poyan Mehr, M.D. [2], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [3]

Overview

Goodpasture syndrome should be differentiated from other diseases presenting as fever, hematuria and hemoptysis. It should also be differentiated from other causes of small vessel vasculitis.

Differential Diagnosis

Goodpasture syndrome should be differentiated from other diseases presenting as fever, hematuria, hemoptysis. It should also be differentiated from other causes of small vessel vasculitis. The differentials include the following:

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Headache Fever Weight loss Arthralgia Claudication Bruit HTN Focal neurological disorder Biomarker CBC ESR Other CT scan Angiography Ultrasound/ Echocardiography Other
Goodpasture syndrome or Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease[1] + +/- - - - - + - Anti-GBM antibodies Hypochromic microcytic anemia, Thrombocytopenia - ↓C3 level Pulmonary hemorrhage - Normal kidneys Alveolar infiltrates spreading from the hilum in CXR Cellular crescents in the glomeruli, Intra-alveolar hemorrhages Anti-GBM antibodies Hemoptysis, Hematuria
Small-Vessel Vasculitis ANCA-associated vasculitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)[2] + +/- +/- - - - - + Anti-PR3 antibody (C-ANCA) (90%), Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (10%) Leukocytosis, Normochromic normocytic anemia ↑ ↑Cr or BUN, Hypoalbuminemia Consolidation, Patchy or diffuse ground-glass opacities Occlusion or stenosis of LAD and RCA in coronary angiography - Single or multiple nodules and masses with cavitation in CXR Parenchymal necrosis, Granulomatous inflammation Histological confirmation Conjunctivitis,

Episcleritis,

Uveitis,

Optic nerve vasculitis

Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis[3] +/- +/- - + +/- - - - C4 component Leukocytosis, Anemia ↑ ANA, hypocomplementemia R/O underlying malignancy Stenosis or occlusions of the visceral arteries Bacterial endocarditis in echocardiography Interstitial involvement or pleural effusions in CXR HCV-associated proteins in vasculitic skin, Intraluminal cryoglobulin deposits  Histological confirmation Acrocyanosis, Retinal hemorrhage, Purpura
Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis[4] +/- +/- + + - - + +/- HCV RNA, Cryoglobulins Leukocytosis, Anemia ↑ ↓Serum C4, Positive RF Increased hepatic echogenicity - Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions HCV RNA, Histological confirmation Palpable purpura, Microscopic hematuria
Gastrointestinal disease Acute mesenteric ischemia[5] - +/- - - - - - - I-FABP, Alpha-GST, Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) Leukocytosis, ↑HCT -  ↑Amylase Bowel wall thickening, Intestinal pneumatosis, Portomesenteric thrombosis Mesenteric venous thrombosis  Arterial stenosis or occlusion of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries in duplex ultrasound Ileus with distended loops of bowel, Bowel wall thickening in abdominal X-ray Superficial mucosal hemorrhage, edema and necrosis History and physical examination Abdominal pain, Distension, Absent bowel sounds
Cardiovascular disease Infective Endocarditis[6] + + + - - - - + NT-proBNP Normochromic-normocytic anemia ↑ Hyperglobulinemia, Cryoglobulinemia Metastatic infections, such as splenic infarct, renal infarcts, or psoas abscess - Vegetation, abscess, or new dehiscence of a prosthetic valvein echocardiography Vertebral osteomyelitis in MRI Vegetation or intracardiac abscess demonstrating active endocarditis Echocardiography (TTE) Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, Roth spots, Vertebral osteomyelitis
Pulmonary disease Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[7] - +/- + - - - - +/- EGFR, ROS1, EML4-ALK,  PD-L1 Leukocytosis, Anemia ↑ Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia Pulmonary lesion or mass - Pulmonary marginal lesions Staging and response to treatment in PET-CT Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma High resolution CT-scan Cough, Hemoptysis
Small Cell Lung Cancer[8] - +/- + - - - - +/- p53, Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1) Anemia ↑ Hyponatremia Large hilar mass with bulky mediastinal adenopathy - Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) Standard staging Spindled cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and fine, granular nuclear chromatin High resolution CT-scan Cough, Hemoptysis
Hematologic disease Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome[9] + + - + - - + + C5b-9, ADAMTS13 Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Reticulocytosis  ↑ ↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia  Thalami, brainstem, or cerebellum abnormality Cerebral microangiopathy or hypertension Hypoechoic kidney  Abnormal hyperintensity in the brain cisterns in MRI Microthromboses include fibrin thrombi that may occlude the glomerular tuft Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities Hematuria, Proteinuria 
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)[10] + + + + +/- - - +/- CD5, CD19, CD20, IgVH Absolute lymphocytosis, Smudge cells ↑ Flow cytometry Staging - - - Large atypical cells, cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes  Chromosomal and genetic testing Easy bruising
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome[11] +/- +/- - - - - - - IgE, CD117 with CD2 Eosinophilia - ↑Serum tryptase Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly - Intracardiac thrombi in echocardiography - Reticulin stain for myelofibrosis and tryptase staining for mast cells Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities Splinter hemorrhages, Raynaud phenomenon
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma[12] + + + + +/- +/- +/- +/- MYC, BCL2, BCL6, and TP53 Lymphocytosis, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia ↑ ↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia  Enlarged lymph nodes, Hepatosplenomegaly, Filling defects in the liver and spleen - Hepatosplenomegaly Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern Surgically excised tissue biopsy Easy bruising, Testicular mass, Skin lesion
Serum Sickness[13] + + - +/- +/- - - +/- IL-1, IL-6, TNF Leukopenia  ↑ Polyclonal gammopathy, ↑Cr, Cryoglobulinemia - - - - Arteritic lesions are focal, necrotizing, and inflammatory involving all layers of the artery Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities Hematuria, Skin rash
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation[14] +/- + - +/- - - + + Fibrin degradation product (FDP) Thrombocytopenia, Schistocytes ↑ ↑D-dimer, aPTT and PT Intracranial hemorrhage - - - Ischemia and necrosis due to fibrin deposition in small and medium-sized vessels Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities  Acral cyanosis, Hemorrhagic skin infarctions
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura[15] + +/- - + - - - + FC gamma receptors (FCGR) IIb Anemia, Thrombocytopenia - HIV, ANA R/O other causes - R/O splenomegaly - Increased number of normal morphologic megakaryocytes Clinical findings coupled with thrombocytopenia Easy bruising, Purpura
Systemic disease Sarcoidosis[16] + + + + - - - +/-  IL-2 and IFN-γ Mild anemia ↑ ↑ACE, ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D Active alveolitis or fibrosis - Hepatosplenomegaly Bilateral hilar adenopathy Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs) Histological confirmation Heart block, Ocular lesion
Legionella Infection[17] + + + + - - - +/- Inflammatory cytokines Leukocytosis with left shift, Thrombocytosis ↑ ↑D-dimer, FDP, Hyponatremia Pleural effusion - - Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR Intra-alveolar inflammation, Microabscesses in the parenchyma Sputum culture Cough, Diarrhea
Systemic lupus erythematosus[18] + + + + - - + + Anti dsDNA, ANA  Leukopenia, Lymphopenia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia ↑ ↑Cr or BUN,

↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria

Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis, Pulmonary emboli, Alveolar hemorrhage Aneurysms Pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI Staging lupus nephritis Anti-dsDNA antibody test Skin rashes or photosensitivity
Relapsing polychondritis[19] - +/- +/- + + - - - - Leukocytosis, Anemia - Cryoglobulins, ANA, C-ANCA Calcification of cartilaginous structures Aortic root dilatation Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography Tracheal stenosis in CXR Chondrolysis, Chondritis, Perichondritis Clinical findings coupled with imaging Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis

Differentials Based On Renal Involvement

Goodpasture syndrome is associated with renal involvement in the form of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The various types of glomerular diseases should be differentiated from each other based on associations, presence of pitting edema, hematuria, hypertension, hemoptysis, oliguria, peri-orbital edema, hyperlipidemia, type of antibodies, light and electron microscopic features. The following table differentiates between various types of glumerular diseases:

Glomerular diseases Disease History and Symtoms Laboratory Findings Pathology
History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
Acute Nephritic Syndromes Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis[20][21][22] +/- + +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • Immune complex GN
  • Granular deposit
Renal disease due to Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, or cardiac shunt (Atrioventricular)[23][24] +/- + +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • Crescentic GN is the most common pathological features
  • Mesangial deposits,
  • Subendothelial deposits
  • Subepithelial "humps," in minority of cases
  • Pauci-immune GN
Lupus Nephritis[25]
  • History of SLE features
 +/- + +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • Differs based on the disease classification
  • Differs based on the disease classification
  • Differs based on the disease classification, mostly immune complex GN
  • Granular deposit
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Goodpasture's syndrome)[26][27]
  • Young adults
 + + + + + + - - Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with absence of sub-epithelial and sub-endothelial deposits 
  • Immune complex GN
  • Linear deposit
IgA Nephropathy[28][29] + +/- + +/- + - + -
  • Immune complex deposition
  • Crescent formation
  • Immune complex GN, granular deposite
Disease History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
ANCA Small-Vessel Vasculitis[30][31] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's)[32][33][34]
  • Middle age male
 + + + +/- + - + -
  •  Pauci-immune GN
Microscopic Polyangiitis[35] +/- + + + + + + -
  •  Pauci-immune GN
Churg-Strauss Syndrome[36] +/- + + + + + + -
  •  Pauci-immune GN
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis[37][38] + + + +/- + + - - -
  • Immune complex GN
  • Granular deposite
Henoch-Schönlein purpura [39] + + + +/- + + - - -
  • Diffuse mesangial IgA deposits often associated with mesangial hypercellularity
  • Diffuse mesangial IgA deposits often associated with mesangial hypercellularity
  • Immune complex GN, granular deposite
Disease History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
Cryoglobulinemia[40] Patients having cryoglobulinemia may have positive history of: Pulmonary symptoms:
  • Cough

Cutaneous symptoms:

Gastrointestinal symptoms:

  • Abdominal pain

General symptoms:

+/- + +/- + +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • Prominent IgM and C3
Nephrotic Syndrome Minimal Change Disease[41][42] - + - + +/- + - +
  • Normal
 -
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis[43][44][45] - + - + +/- + - + -
Membranous Glomerulonephritis[46][47] - + - + +/- + - + Immune complex deposition Immune complex GN, granular deposite
Diabetic Nephropathy[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] For more information on diabetes click here. - + - + +/- + - +
  • Diffuse mesangial matrix expansion (nodular glomerulosclerosis)
  • Increased mesangial hypercellularity
  • Prominent glomerular basement membranes
  • Thick basement membrane without any deposit
  • Nodular glomerulosclerosis
 -
Disease History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
 Glomerular Deposition Diseases  Light Chain Deposition Disease[58]
  • Occurs in the setting of high tumor burden
 - - + - + +/- + - + -
  • Light-chain deposits
  • Granular deposits on electron microscopy
  • Detection of light chain deposits using anti–light chain antibody
Renal Amyloidosis[59][60][61][62] - + - + +/- + - + -
  • Diffuse glomerular deposition of amorphous hyaline material (nodular pattern), in mesangium (weakly staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
  • Nodular deposit
  • AA amyloidosis type: negative for immunoglobulins and complement
  • AL amyloidosis type: Positive for lambda or kappa light chains
Fibrillary-Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy[63] - +/- + +/- +/- +/- + +/- +/- -
  • Diffuse sclerosing glomerulonephritis
  • Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
  • Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
  • Mesangioproliferative/sclerosing disease
  • Membranous glomerulonephritis
  • Large fibrillar deposits in the mesangium randomly
  • Glomerular capillary walls different from amloidosis
  • No staining with Congo red or thioflavine-T or with antibodies to a specific type
  • Positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG), C3
  • Kappa and lambda (ie, polyclonal) light chains
Fabry's Disease[64][65][66] - + - + +/- + - + -
  • Vacuolization of visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) and distal tubular epithelial cells
  • Glycolipid accumulation
  • Myeloid or zebra bodies: Gb3 deposition within enlarged secondary lysosomes as lamellated membrane structures
  • Inclusions, composed of concentric layers (onion skin appearance)
 -
Basement Membrane Syndrome Alport's Syndrome[67][68][69][70][71][72]
  • Positive family history
 Auditary:

Occular problems:

  • Refractory Error
 - + - + +/- + - + -
  • Early stage: unremarkable
Disease History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
Thin Basement Membrane Disease[73][74] - - + -/+ - -/+ - -/+ - - - Diffuse thinning of the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) -
Nail-Patella Syndrome[75][76]
  • Positive family history
  • Poorly developed fingernails, toe nails, and patellae (kneecaps).
  • Elbow deformities
  • Abnormally shaped pelvis bone (hip bone)
  • Knee may be small, deformed or absent
 + + - - - - - - -
  • Mostly unremarkable changes
  • Secondary FSGS
  • Late stages:
    • Global glomerulosclerosis,
    • Tubulointerstitial fibrosis
  • Glomerular basement membranes (GBMs): Focal or diffuse irregular thickening with electron-lucent areas (moth-eaten appearance) containing type III collagen bundles.
  • Similar collagen fibrils can be seen in mesangial matrix.
  • Podocytes: Segmental effacement of foot processes.
  • Nonspecific IgM and C3 deposition may be seen in sclerotic glomeruli.
 Glomerular-Vascular Syndromes  Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis[77] Chronic hypertension +/- +/- + +/- +/- +/- - +/- -
  • Interstitial fibrosis and atrophy
  • Medial thickening and intimal fibrosis of medium-sized and larger vessels
  • Arteriolar thickening, and hyalinosis
  • Chronic stages:
Cholesterol Emboli[78]
  • Depends on the organ involved
 +/- +/- + +/- +/- +/- - +/- -
  • Atheroemboli are seen in interlobular and arcuate arteries, as lance-shaped clefts, due to dissolution of cholesterol crystals
  • Acute lesions:
    • Atheroemboli are surrounded by red blood cells, fibrin, and leukocytes, with multinucleated giant cell reactions
  • Chronic lesions:
    • Cholesterol clefts are surrounded by intimal fibrosis
    • Vessel recanalization of chronic lesions can occur.
  • Global and segmental sclerosis of glomeruli may be present.
  • Extensive foot process effacement can be seen
  • Not specific changes
Disease History Systemic symptoms Hemeturia Proteinuria Hypertension Pitting edema Oliguria Nephrotic features Nephritic features Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Auto-antibodies,

Complements

Light microscope Electron microscope Immunoflourescence pattern
Sickle Cell Disease[79]
  • Positive family history
 +/- +/- +/- - - - - - -
  • Glomerular hypertrophy
  • Hemosiderin deposits
  • Focal areas of hemorrhage or necrosis
  • Chronic stage: interstitial inflammation, edema, fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and papillary infarcts
  • Glomerular enlargement and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Thrombotic Microangiopathies[80] Click for more information on Thrombotic Microangiopathies. + +/- + +/- +/- +/- - - -
  • Acute stage:
    • Inravasculr fibrin thrombi
  • Chronic stage:
    • Endocapillary hypercellularity.
    • Intimal proliferation of arterioles
  • Swollen glomerular endothelial cells with loss of fenestrations
  • Chronic stage: interposed cells with new GBM matrix material deposition.
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome [81][82][83] + +/- + +/- +/- +/- - - -
  • Swollen glomerular endothelial cells with loss of fenestrations
  • Chronic stage: interposed cells with new GBM matrix material deposition.


Some infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, leprosy, malaria, and schistosomiasis may cause glomerular diseases.

References

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  2. ↑ Kubaisi B, Abu Samra K, Foster CS (2016). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's disease): An updated review of ocular disease manifestations". Intractable Rare Dis Res. 5 (2): 61–9. doi:10.5582/irdr.2016.01014. PMC 4869584. PMID 27195187.
  3. ↑ Ferri C, Mascia MT (January 2006). "Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (1): 54–63. PMID 16344620.
  4. ↑ Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). "Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report". Exp Ther Med. 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4671. PMC 5525644. PMID 28810602.
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  72. ↑ Govan JA (1983). "Ocular manifestations of Alport's syndrome: a hereditary disorder of basement membranes?". Br J Ophthalmol. 67 (8): 493–503. PMC 1040106. PMID 6871140.
  73. ↑ Savige J, Rana K, Tonna S, Buzza M, Dagher H, Wang YY (2003). "Thin basement membrane nephropathy". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1169–78. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00234.x. PMID 12969134. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  74. ↑ Hou P, Chen Y, Ding J, Li G, Zhang H (2007). "A novel mutation of COL4A3 presents a different contribution to Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy". Am. J. Nephrol. 27 (5): 538–44. doi:10.1159/000107666. PMID 17726307.
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