Milk-alkali syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are asymptomatic and may become incidentally diagnosed. Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include: confusion, psychosis, renal insufficiency, pancreatitis, abnormalities in cardiac conduction, and metastatic calcification. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early diagnosis and treatment, with the withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis and renal insufficiency).
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Milk-alkalai syndrome and its features (hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal insufficiency) may be incidentally diagnosed since most patients are asymptomatic.[1]
Complications
Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include:[2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Confusion
- Psychosis
- Variable degrees of renal insufficiency
- Pancreatitis
- Reversible abnormalities in cardiac conduction
- Tremor
- Metastatic calcification
- Ocular calcification in the cornea (keratopathy) and in the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis)
- Renal calcinosis
- In less common sites such as central nervous system, lungs, liver, adrenal glands, bone, periarticular and subcutaneous tissue
Prognosis
- Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good.[1]
- Early diagnosis and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis and renal insufficiency).[5][4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ali, Rimsha; Patel, Chinmay (2020-05-30). "Milk-Alkali Syndrome". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 32491432 Check
|pmid=value (help). Retrieved 2020-07-14. - ↑ Orwoll ES (1982). "The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts". Ann Intern Med. 97 (2): 242–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242. PMID 7049033.
- ↑ Texter EC, Laureta HC (1966). "The milk-alkali syndrome". Am J Dig Dis. 11 (5): 413–8. doi:10.1007/BF02233637. PMID 5327389.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
- ↑ George S, Clark JD (2000). "Milk alkali syndrome-an unusual syndrome causing an unusual complication". Postgrad Med J. 76 (897): 422–3. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.897.422. PMC 1741646. PMID 10878206.
- ↑ Jenkins JK, Best TR, Nicks SA, Murphy FY, Bussell KL, Vesely DL (1987). "Milk-alkali syndrome with a serum calcium level of 22 mg/dl and J waves on the ECG". South Med J. 80 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1097/00007611-198711000-00028. PMID 3686151.