Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance include African american race, age, male sex, family history, history of immunosuppression and exposure to pesticides.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance include African American race, age, male sex. family history, history of immunosuppression and exposure to pesticides.
Common Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance include:
- African Americans[1] [2]
- Age[3]
- Male sex
- Family History[4]
- History of immunosuppression[5]
- Exposure to pesticides[6]
Other Risk Factors
Other risk factors in the development of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance include:[7][8][9]
- Levels of serum monoclonal protein ≥1.5 g/dL [10]
- Non-IgG MGUS (ie, IgA, IgM, IgD MGUS)
- Abnormal serum free light chain ratio (ie, ratio of kappa to lambda free light chains <0.26 or >1.65) [11][12]
References
- ↑ Landgren O, Gridley G, Turesson I, Caporaso NE, Goldin LR, Baris D, Fears TR, Hoover RN, Linet MS (February 2006). "Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States". Blood. 107 (3): 904–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-08-3449. PMC 1895893. PMID 16210333.
- ↑ Landgren O, Katzmann JA, Hsing AW, Pfeiffer RM, Kyle RA, Yeboah ED, Biritwum RB, Tettey Y, Adjei AA, Larson DR, Dispenzieri A, Melton LJ, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Caporaso NE, Rajkumar SV (December 2007). "Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance among men in Ghana". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (12): 1468–73. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61089-6. PMID 18053453.
- ↑ Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Offord JR, Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA, Melton LJ (March 2006). "Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (13): 1362–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054494. PMID 16571879.
- ↑ Vachon CM, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Foreman BJ, Larson DR, Colby CL, Phelps TK, Dispenzieri A, Kumar SK, Katzmann JA, Rajkumar SV (July 2009). "Increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 114 (4): 785–90. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-192575. PMC 2716020. PMID 19179466.
- ↑ Kristinsson SY, Goldin LR, Björkholm M, Koshiol J, Turesson I, Landgren O (November 2009). "Genetic and immune-related factors in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative and plasma cell malignancies". Haematologica. 94 (11): 1581–9. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.008979. PMC 2770969. PMID 19586941.
- ↑ Landgren O, Kyle RA, Hoppin JA, Beane Freeman LE, Cerhan JR, Katzmann JA, Rajkumar SV, Alavanja MC (June 2009). "Pesticide exposure and risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in the Agricultural Health Study". Blood. 113 (25): 6386–91. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-02-203471. PMC 2710931. PMID 19387005.
- ↑ Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Melton LJ (February 2002). "A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (8): 564–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa01133202. PMID 11856795.
- ↑ Baldini L, Guffanti A, Cesana BM, Colombi M, Chiorboli O, Damilano I, Maiolo AT (February 1996). "Role of different hematologic variables in defining the risk of malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy". Blood. 87 (3): 912–8. PMID 8562962.
- ↑ Rosiñol L, Cibeira MT, Montoto S, Rozman M, Esteve J, Filella X, Bladé J (April 2007). "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: predictors of malignant transformation and recognition of an evolving type characterized by a progressive increase in M protein size". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (4): 428–34. doi:10.4065/82.4.428. PMID 17418070.
- ↑ Cesana C, Klersy C, Barbarano L, Nosari AM, Crugnola M, Pungolino E, Gargantini L, Granata S, Valentini M, Morra E (March 2002). "Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma". J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (6): 1625–34. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1625. PMID 11896113.
- ↑ Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Melton LJ, Bradwell AR, Clark RJ, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA (August 2005). "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 106 (3): 812–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMC 1895159. PMID 15855274.
- ↑ Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Clark RJ, Bradwell AR, Melton LJ, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Katzmann JA (November 2004). "Presence of monoclonal free light chains in the serum predicts risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Br. J. Haematol. 127 (3): 308–10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05169.x. PMID 15491291.