Percutaneous coronary intervention no-reflow pharmacological therapies

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Overview

PCI Approaches:

CAD Revascularization:

Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions
Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Intervention in left main coronary artery disease
Non-Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Revascularization to Improve Symptoms
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Compliance and Stent Thrombosis
Hybrid Coronary Revascularization

Pre-procedural Considerations:

Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Anaphylactoid Reactions
Statin Treatment
Bleeding Risk
Role of Onsite Surgical Backup

Procedural Considerations:

Vascular Access
PCI in Specific Clinical Situations:
Asymptomatic Ischemia or CCS Class I or II Angina
CCS Class III Angina
Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction:
General and Specific Considerations
Coronary Angiography Strategies in STEMI
Primary PCI of the Infarct Artery
Delayed or Elective PCI in patients with STEMI
Fibrinolytic-Ineligible Patients
Facilitated PCI
Rescue PCI
After Successful Fibrinolysis or for Patients Not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion
Cardiogenic Shock
Prior Coronary Bypass Surgery
Revascularization Before Non-cardiac Surgery
Adjunctive Diagnostic Devices:
Fractional Flow Reserve
Intravascular Ultrasound
Adjunctive Therapeutic Devices:
Coronary Atherectomy
Thrombectomy
Laser Angioplasty
Cutting Balloon Angioplasty
Embolic Protection Devices
Percutaneous Hemodynamic Support Devices
Antiplatelet therapy:
Oral Antiplatelet Therapy
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists
Intravenous Antiplatelet therapy:
STEMI
UA/NSTEMI
SIHD
Anticoagulant Therapy:
Parenteral Anticoagulants During PCI
Unfractionated Heparin
Enoxaparin
Bivalirudin and Argatroban
Fondaparinux
No-Reflow Pharmacological Therapies
PCI in Specific Anatomic Situations:
Chronic Total Occlusions
Saphenous Vein Grafts
Bifurcation Lesions
Aorto-Ostial Stenoses
Calcified Lesions
PCI in Specific Patient Populations:
Chronic Kidney Disease
Peri-procedural Myocardial Infarction Assessment
Vascular Closure Devices

Post-Procedural Considerations:

Post-procedural Antiplatelet Therapy
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Antiplatelet Therapy
Clopidogrel Genetic Testing
Platelet Function Testing
Restenosis
Exercise Testing
Cardiac Rehabilitation

Quality and Performance Considerations:

Quality and Performance
Certification and Maintenance of Certification
Operator and Institutional Competency and Volume

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

ACCF/AHA/SCAI 2011 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

No-Reflow Pharmacological Therapies (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class IIa
"1. Administration of an intracoronary vasodilator (adenosine, calcium channel blocker, or nitroprusside) is reasonable to treat PCI-related no-reflow that occurs during primary or elective PCI.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] (Level of Evidence: B)"

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, Khot UN, Lange RA, Mauri L, Mehran R, Moussa ID, Mukherjee D, Nallamothu BK, Ting HH (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (24): 2550–83. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.006. PMID 22070837. Retrieved 2011-12-08. Text "PDF" ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Amit G, Cafri C, Yaroslavtsev S, Fuchs S, Paltiel O, Abu-Ful A, Weinstein JM, Wolak A, Ilia R, Zahger D (2006). "Intracoronary nitroprusside for the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial". American Heart Journal. 152 (5): 887.e9–14. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.05.010. PMID 17070151. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Assali AR, Sdringola S, Ghani M, Denkats AE, Yepes A, Hanna GP, Schroth G, Fujise K, Anderson HV, Smalling RW, Rosales OR (2000). <27::AID-CCD7>3.0.CO;2-0 "Intracoronary adenosine administered during percutaneous intervention in acute myocardial infarction and reduction in the incidence of "no reflow" phenomenon". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 51 (1): 27–31, discussion 32. PMID 10973014. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Barcin C, Denktas AE, Lennon RJ, Hammes L, Higano ST, Holmes DR, Garratt KN, Lerman A (2004). "Comparison of combination therapy of adenosine and nitroprusside with adenosine alone in the treatment of angiographic no-reflow phenomenon". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 61 (4): 484–91. doi:10.1002/ccd.20010. PMID 15065143. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Fischell TA, Haller S, Pulukurthy S, Virk IS (2008). "Nicardipine and adenosine "flush cocktail" to prevent no-reflow during rotational atherectomy". Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine : Including Molecular Interventions. 9 (4): 224–8. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2008.03.002. PMID 18928946. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  6. ↑ Hillegass WB, Dean NA, Liao L, Rhinehart RG, Myers PR (2001). "Treatment of no-reflow and impaired flow with the nitric oxide donor nitroprusside following percutaneous coronary interventions: initial human clinical experience". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 37 (5): 1335–43. PMID 11300444. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Huang RI, Patel P, Walinsky P, Fischman DL, Ogilby JD, Awar M, Frankil C, Savage MP (2006). "Efficacy of intracoronary nicardipine in the treatment of no-reflow during percutaneous coronary intervention". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 68 (5): 671–6. doi:10.1002/ccd.20885. PMID 17034064. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Ito H, Taniyama Y, Iwakura K, Nishikawa N, Masuyama T, Kuzuya T, Hori M, Higashino Y, Fujii K, Minamino T (1999). "Intravenous nicorandil can preserve microvascular integrity and myocardial viability in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 33 (3): 654–60. PMID 10080465. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Kaplan BM, Benzuly KH, Kinn JW, Bowers TR, Tilli FV, Grines CL, O'Neill WW, Safian RD (1996). "Treatment of no-reflow in degenerated saphenous vein graft interventions: comparison of intracoronary verapamil and nitroglycerin". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 39 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199610)39:2<113::AID-CCD1>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 8922307. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Marzilli M, Orsini E, Marraccini P, Testa R (2000). "Beneficial effects of intracoronary adenosine as an adjunct to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction". Circulation. 101 (18): 2154–9. PMID 10801755. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Ono H, Osanai T, Ishizaka H, Hanada H, Kamada T, Onodera H, Fujita N, Sasaki S, Matsunaga T, Okumura K (2004). "Nicorandil improves cardiac function and clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: role of inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species formation". American Heart Journal. 148 (4): E15. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.05.014. PMID 15459610. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Piana RN, Paik GY, Moscucci M, Cohen DJ, Gibson CM, Kugelmass AD, Carrozza JP, Kuntz RE, Baim DS (1994). "Incidence and treatment of 'no-reflow' after percutaneous coronary intervention". Circulation. 89 (6): 2514–8. PMID 8205658. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Ross AM, Gibbons RJ, Stone GW, Kloner RA, Alexander RW (2005). "A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMISTAD-II)". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 45 (11): 1775–80. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.061. PMID 15936605. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Sdringola S, Assali A, Ghani M, Yepes A, Rosales O, Schroth GW, Fujise K, Anderson HV, Smalling RW (2000). <394::AID-CCD4>3.0.CO;2-G "Adenosine use during aortocoronary vein graft interventions reverses but does not prevent the slow-no reflow phenomenon". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 51 (4): 394–9. PMID 11108667. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Stoel MG, Marques KM, de Cock CC, Bronzwaer JG, von Birgelen C, Zijlstra F (2008). "High dose adenosine for suboptimal myocardial reperfusion after primary PCI: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 71 (3): 283–9. doi:10.1002/ccd.21334. PMID 17985384. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Werner GS, Lang K, Kuehnert H, Figulla HR (2002). "Intracoronary verapamil for reversal of no-reflow during coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 57 (4): 444–51. doi:10.1002/ccd.10375. PMID 12455077. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Weyrens FJ, Mooney J, Lesser J, Mooney MR (1995). "Intracoronary diltiazem for microvascular spasm after interventional therapy". The American Journal of Cardiology. 75 (12): 849–50. PMID 7717298. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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